2003博士科技论文讲座3

2020/2/10Unit31Unit3ElementsofThesesandJournalPapers(2)SectionCThemethodoftheinvestigationSectionDResultsSectionEDiscussion2020/2/10Unit32SectionCThemethodoftheinvestigationThemethodoftheinvestigationshoulddiscussthefollowingmatters:•thenatureofthesampleandanycontrolgroups,•thedataneededtotestthehypothesesortoanswerthequestions,•thesourcesofdata,•theproceduresfollowedingatheringandanalyzingthedata.2020/2/10Unit33MethodofInvestigationshouldinvolve:•theparticipants,•materials,•procedures.2020/2/10Unit34Materials1Identifyexactlywhatmaterialsyouusedtoconductyourresearch---reactants,enzymes,catalysts,organisms,experimentalsubjects(humanoranimal),etc.2Youshouldalsoidentifyyourmaterialsspecificallyenoughthatanotherresearchercoulduseexactlywhatyouspecifytoreproduceyourresults.2020/2/10Unit35Usefulexpressionstodescribematerials例3：Theemployedamorphouspowderswerecomposedof…采用的无定形粉末由……组成。例6：Twosetsofcompositionsfor…wereusedintheexperiments.Thefirstsetis…,consistingof…and…实验中采用两组化合物，第一组是……，包含……和……。2020/2/10Unit36Sample:Theparticipantswere48peoplechosenfromasampleofthoseseatedbythefountaininfrontofCityHallat10to11AMonaMondayinthemonthofJuly1998.The18malesand30females,ranginginagefrom15to35,representedeverythirdpersonthatstoppedatthefountainforaperiodofatleast5minutes.Tenotherpeoplewhowerecontractedrefusedtofilloutthequestionnaire.back2020/2/10Unit37SectionDResultsThechapter(s)inthissectionshouldpresenttheresultsoftheinvestigationwithoutinterpretationorrevaluation,reportingnegativeaswellaspositiveresults.Ifyouwishtoaccompanyyouranalyseswithtablesorfigures,theseshouldsupplementthetextratherthansubstituteforit.Thebodyofthepapershouldbecomprehensibleevenifthereaderchoosesnottoconsultthetables.OnefinalruleforwritingtheResultssectionisthattheremustbenodiscussionintheResultssection.2020/2/10Unit38DataandanalysisarereportedintheResultssectionaTheprocedures:A)Itbeginswithadescriptionofthedependentvariablemeasuresthatwererecordedduringtheexperimentalsession.Withateachingmachineexample,youwouldrecordthenumberoferrorsandthelengthoftimetoanswerthequestions.2020/2/10Unit39B)Next,describethedatafromtheexperiment.Thedatayoureportwillgenerallybesometypeofsummaryoftherawdata.Forexample,perhapsyouaregoingtoreporttheresultsintermsofthemeansandstandarddeviationsoftherawdatarecordedduringthesession.Youmightsay,“Themeanandstandarddeviationofthenumberoferrorswerecalculatedforeachseriesof20questions.”2020/2/10Unit310C)Thenrefertotheplacewherethesedatacanbefound.Datacanbepresentedineithertablesorfigures(graphs).Theyarelabeledusingnumbersandreferredtobynumber.Asanexample,youmightsay,“Themeanerrorsforeachseriesof20questionsisshowninTable1(orFigure1).”Ifyouhaveseveraldependentvariables,theresultsforeachvariablemayrequireaseparatetableorfigure.Rulesforthepreparationoftablesandfiguresaregiveninalatersectionofthisappendix2020/2/10Unit311D)Afteryourefertoatableorfigure,youshoulddescribetheimportantfeaturesofthedatashowninthefigureortable.Thereismuchinformationpresentedinatableorfigureanditisyourjobtoaidthereaderincomprehendingit.Youmustpointouttheimportantfeatures,thegeneraltrends,andanyinversionsorpeculiaritiesthatseemtoyoutobeimportant;thatis,whichseemtobemorethanchanceoccurrences.2020/2/10Unit312Usefulexpressionstodescribetheresearch例2：Thispaperprovidesadescriptionof….Theprincipalresultofthispaperis….本文描述了……，主要的研究结果是……例4：Wehavepresentedempiricalstudiesofa…我们提供了……的实证研究。2020/2/10Unit313SectionEDiscussionTheDiscussionsectionexplainstheimplicationsofyourresults.Itfitstheresultsintothecontextofthefieldbyrelatingyourresultstootherwork,boththeoreticalandexperimental.Alongwiththeintroduction,itexplainswhyyourworkisimportant,howitcontributestotheadvancementofthefield.ItiscriticalthattheDiscussionbedonecarefullyandthoroughly.2020/2/10Unit314AsRobertDayhasnoted:“ManypapersarerejectedbyjournaleditorsbecauseofafaultyDiscussion,eventhoughthedataofthepapermightbebothvalidandinteresting.Evenmorelikely,thetruemeaningofthedatamaybecompletelyobscuredbytheinterpretationpresentedintheDiscussion,againresultinginrejection.”2020/2/10Unit315A.Beginningwithaconcisestatementoftheimportantresults.B.TheinterpretationoftheresultsC.relatedtotheresultsofotherstudiesonthesameorsimilarproblems,and/ortoanyrelevanttheorieswithwhichyouarefamiliarandcandocument.2020/2/10Unit316Pointouthowyourresultsagreeordisagreewithpreviouswork,howtheyextendthebodyofknowledge,supportordisagreewiththeory,andsoon.Therelationofyourresultstootherresultsortheoriesmustalsoberationalized.Ifthereisagreement,itissufficienttosimplystateexactlywhattheagreementis.Inthecaseofdisagreement,2020/2/10Unit317Youshouldoffersomepossiblereasonsforthediscrepancy.Typically,thefirstexplanationthatwilloccurtoyouisthattherewassomethingwrongwithyourexperiment.Thismayormaynotbetrue,ifitistrue,pointoutexactlywhattheweaknesswasandwhy.2020/2/10Unit318D.DiscussinganyweaknessesorflawsinyourexperimentaAnyweaknessesorflawsinyourexperimentthatlimittheusefulnessorgeneralityoftheconclusionsthatcanbedrawnshouldbediscussed.Whenyoureportaweak