旅游研究论文：Tourism and nationalism

AnnalsofTourismResearch,Vol.30,No.1,pp.125–142,20032003ElsevierScienceLtd.AllrightsreservedPrintedinGreatBritain0160-7383/03/$30.00:10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00035-XTOURISMANDNATIONALISMMichaelPretesAustralianNationalUniversity,AustraliaAbstract:Theviewingofheritagesightsbydomestictouristsisakeyaspectintheformationandmaintenanceofanationalidentity,especiallywhennationalismisunderstoodasan“imaginedcommunity.”TouristsightsmayfunctioninthesamewayasdomuseumsinBenedictAnderson’sclassicstudyofnationalism:asplacespresentingthedefiningcharacter-isticsofnationhoodanddisplayinghistoricalevidenceofitsexistence.UsingthreeexamplesfromtheAmericanstateofSouthDakota—MountRushmoreNationalMemorial,WallDrugStore,andRapidCityDinosaurPark—thisarticlearguesthat,despitetheirrecentcreation,eachprovidesafoundationalhistoryand“archeology”uponwhichanationalidentitycanbebuilt.Keywords:AmericanWest,SouthDakota,nationalism,heritage,monuments.2003ElsevierScienceLtd.Allrightsreserved.Re´sume´:Tourismeetnationalisme.Lavisitedesattractionstouristiquesdupatrimoinenationalpardestouristesdupaysestunaspectcle´delaformationetdumaintiend’uneidentite´nationale,surtoutquandlenationalismesecomprendcommeune“communaute´imagine´e”.Lesattractionstouristiquespeuventfonctionnerdelameˆmefac¸onquelesmuse´esdansl’e´tudeclassiquedunationalismeparBenedictAnderson:cesontdeslieuxquipre´sent-entlescaracte´ristiquesde´terminantesd’unnationalite´etquifontunepreuvehistoriquedesonexistence.Enutilisanttroisexemplesdel’e´tatame´ricaindeDakotaduSud:leMe´morialNationalduMontRushmore,leWallDrugstoreetleParcdesDinosauresdeRapidCity,l’articlesoutientque,malgre´leurcre´ationre´cente,chacunoffreunehistoirefondamentaleetune“arche´ologie”surlaquelleonpeutconstruireuneidentite´nationale.Mots-cle´s:Ouestame´ricain,DakotaduSud,nationalisme,patrimoine,monuments.2003ElsevierScienceLtd.Allrightsreserved.INTRODUCTIONOneoftheoddthingsaboutthearrivaloftheeraofthemodernnation-statewasthatforastatetoproveitwasmodern,ithelpedifitcouldalsoproveitwasancient.Anationthatwantedtoshowitwasuptodateanddeservedaplaceamongthecompanyofmodernstatesneeded,amongotherthings,toproduceapast(Mitchell2001:212).Heritagesites,representinganation’spast,areanimportantelementintheconstructionofanationalidentity(Johnson1995).Sitesofsignificancehelptocreateacommonidentity,or“imaginedcom-munity,”amongadiversepopulation.Asharedidentityisanofficialgoalofcountriescomprisedofmanydifferentimmigrantcultures.AMichaelPretesiswiththeDepartmentofHumanGeography,ResearchSchoolofPacificandAsianStudies,AustralianNationalUniversity(CanberraACT0200,[e-mail]).Hisresearchfocusesonthedevelopmentproblemsofmar-ginalregions,withaparticularinterestintheroleoftourismindevelopmentandontheinventionoftouristicsights.HisfieldworkonthesetopicsextendstoNorthandSouthAmer-ica,Australia,andAfrica.125126NATIONALISMhegemonicdiscourseofnationalismmaymanifestitselfintourismsights,bothpublicandprivate,encouragingtouriststoembracenationalgoals.Thesesitesmaybeofficialgovernment-sponsoredcon-structionswithsuchclearaims,butmayalsobeprivately-establishedenterprisesthatplayontourists’ownnationalfeelings.IntheUnitedStates,bothgovernmentandprivateresourceshelpedshapeacom-mon“American”identityfromdiverseimmigrantbackgrounds.Heri-tagesiteshaveplayedanimportantroleinthisidentityformation.ThisarticleexploresthelinksbetweennationalismandtourismbyexaminingthreesightsintheAmericanstateofSouthDakota:MountRushmoreNationalMemorial,WallDrugStore,andRapidCityDino-saurPark.Eachattractiondisseminatesahegemonicdiscourseofnationalidentityandimaginedcommunity.Theydatefromthe20thcentury,yetareanalogoustoancientruins(suchasEgyptianPyramids,AngkorWat,andParthenon)inthattheyrepresentanearlier,Ur-civilizationthatisstillpartiallypresent.Theanalysisfollowstheviewsofscholarsofnationalism,includingAnderson(1991),Nairn(1977),andKammen(1991),whoarguethatthereexistsacommonurgetocreateanationalidentitytoovercomediversityanddifferencewithinthenation-state.Thearticlebeginsbyreviewingthemeaningofnationalism,drawingespeciallyonBenedictAnderson’sconceptofthenationasan“imaginedcommunity”andtherolethattourismplaysincreatingthiscommunity.AfterabriefoverviewoftourisminSouthDakota,thefocusshiftstothethreeattractions,eachofwhichrepresentsaparti-cularfacet—political,economic,andscientific—ofAmericannational-ism.Theconclusionnoteshowahegemonicdiscourseofnationalismisanessentialfeatureofeachoftheseostensiblytourismsights,andhowvisitingthemmayhelptocreateandstrengthenanationalident-ity.TOURISMANDNATIONALISMHeritage…isthechieffocusofpatriotism(Lowenthal1998:2).Nationalism,specificallyintheformofstate-building,is“theattempttoassimilateorincorporateculturallydistinctiveterritoriesinagivenstate”(Hechter2000:15).Itistheresultoftheconsciouseffortsofcentralrulerstomakeamulticulturalpopulationhomogenous,andtoformasingle“nation”outofthisdiversity.Anderson’sclassicstudyofnationalismdefinesthenationasan“imaginedcommunity”:Itisimaginedbecausethemembersofeventh