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个体行为团队行为层级组织行为任务完成与人力资本价值升值目标、任务一个企业完成任务的基本行为方式包括哪些?个体方式:职员被作为一个独立的个体来对待,工作任务、目标和报酬等以个体为导向。自我管理的团队方式:这种组织方式通常被定义为多个个体的集合,每一个成员与其他成员拥有一个共同的目标,每一个成员的报酬依赖于整个团队的经营业绩。层级组织的方式:某个人专职从事对其他成员的监督和协调工作。尽管大多数企业一般都采用一定形式的层级结构,但是在正式权威方面却有很大的差异。三种完成任务的行为方式存在哪些差异?主要表现在:成员之间相互联系的程度和协调成本的大小。当任务不需要协调时,采用个体方式是比较适合的,例如设计工作;当协调变得非常必要的时候,团队方式就更合适一些。这样,每一个成员的产出可以直接受益于成员之间的频繁接触、技能互补和团队本身所产生的利益(例如成员之间的信息共享和共同价值观)。当按照团队方式很难对个体的产出进行监督和控制,当团队的规模达到到某种程度、协调的成本开始大大增加的时候,层级组织方式可能更为合适。第十四章:个体行为IndividualBehavior1、态度Attitudes2、个性Personality3、认知Perception4、学习learningLearningObjectivesYoushouldlearnto:DefinethefocusandgoalsoforganizationalbehaviorDescribethethreecomponentsofanattitudeIdentifytherolethatconsistencyplaysinattitudesLearningObjectivesExplaintherelationshipbetweensatisfactionandproductivityTellhowmanagerscanusetheMyers-Briggspersonalitytypeframeworkandthebig-fivemodelofpersonalityLearningObjectives(cont.)DefineemotionalintelligenceDescribeattributiontheoryanditsuseinexplainingindividualbehaviorIdentifythetypesofshortcutsmanagersuseinjudgingothersExplainhowmanagerscanshapeemployeebehaviorWhyLookAtIndividualBehavior?OrganizationalBehavior(OB)concernedspecificallywiththeactionsofpeopleatworkaddressesissuesthatarenotobviousTheOrganizationasanIcebergWhyLookAtIndividualBehavior(cont.)FocusofOBindividualbehavior-attitudes,personality,perception,learning,andmotivationgroupbehavior-norms,roles,teambuilding,leadership,andconflictGoalsofOBexplain,predict,andinfluencebehaviormanager’ssuccessdependsongettingthingsdonethroughotherpeopleAttitudesAttitudeDefinitionevaluativestatementsconcerningobjects,people,oreventsthreecomponentscognitive-beliefs,opinions,knowledge,orinformationheldbyapersonaffective-emotionorfeelingtermattitudeusuallyreferstothiscomponentbehavioral-intentiontobehaveinacertainwaytowardsomeoneorsomethingAttitudes(cont.)Job-RelatedAttitudesjobsatisfaction-employee’sgeneralattitudetowardher/hisjobjobinvolvement-degreetowhichanemployeeidentifieswithher/hisjobdegreeofactiveparticipationinthejobfeelingthatjobperformanceisimportanttoself-worthorganizationalcommitment-employee’sloyaltyto,identificationwith,andinvolvementintheorganizationorganizationalcitizenbehavior(OCB)-discretionarybehaviorthatisnotpartoftheformaljobrequirementspromoteseffectivefunctioningoftheorganizationAttitudes(cont.)AttitudesandConsistencypeopleseekconsistency:amongtheirattitudesbetweentheirattitudesandbehaviorinconsistencygivesrisetostepstoachieveconsistencyalterattitudesorbehaviordeveloprationalizationfortheinconsistencypresentemployeewithquestionsthatelicithowtheyfeelabouttheirjobs,workgroups,supervisors,ortheorganizationattitudescoreisthesumofresponsestoindividualitemsAttitudeSurveysSampleAttitudeSurveyImplicationsformanagersSatisfaction-ProductivityControversytraditionalbeliefwasthathappyworkerswereproductiveworkersresearchevidencesuggeststhatifsatisfactionhasapositiveinfluenceonproductivity,itissmallcontingencyfactorshaveclarifiedtherelationshipbetweensatisfactionandproductivityeffectofenvironmentalfactorsthatconstrainemployeebehaviorresearchdesignsdonotpermitconclusionsaboutcauseandeffect态度的概念态度由三个部分组成:(1)态度的认知成分由一个人所持有的信念、观点、知识或信息组成。(2)态度的情感成分是态度中的情绪或感受部分。(3)态度的行为成分是指以某种方式对某人或某事做出反应的行为。与工作相关的态度(1)工作满意度(Jobsatisfaction)是人对其工作的一般态度。(2)工作投入(Jobinvolvement)是员工认可自己的工作,主动参与工作,认为工作绩效对自己的个人价值很重要的程度。(3)组织承诺(OrganizationalCommitment)是员工对组织的忠诚性、认可程度及参与程度。对管理者的意义有明显的证据表明,对于那些承诺和满意的员工来说,他们的离职率和缺勤率很低。同时,那种为了提高生产率而以员工快乐为目标的做法可能会误入歧途。PersonalityPersonalityisdefinedasacombinationofpsychologicaltraitsthatclassifiesaperson.(个性是个体的心理特质的综合)A.Predictingbehaviorfrompersonalitytraits(根据个性特质预测行为)PersonalityPredictingBehaviorfromPersonalityTraitsLocusofControlinternals-believethattheycontroltheirowndestinyexternals-believetheirlivesarecontrolledbyoutsideforceslesssatisfiedandinvolvedwiththeirjobsmorealienatedfromtheworksettingMachiavellianism-peoplewhoarehighonthistrait:arepragmatic,maintainemotionaldistance,believethatendscanjustifythemeansareproductiveinjobsthatrequirebargainingandhavehighrewardsforsuccessPredictingBehaviorfromPersonalityTraits(cont.)Self-Esteem-degreeoflikingforoneselfrelatedtoexpectationsforsuccesshighself-esteemindividualswilltakerisksinjobselectionmoresatisfiedwiththeirjobslowself-esteemindividualssusceptibletosocialinfluenceSelf-Monitoring-abilitytoadjustone’sbehaviortosituationalfactorshighself-monitorscanpresentstrikingcontradictionsbetweentheirpublicpersonaandtheirprivateselvesPersonality(cont.)君王论在人类思想史上,没有一位思想家像马基雅维里那样受到如此尖锐的毁与誉的了。近5个世纪以来,他的名字始终与阴险狡诈、背信弃义联系在一起。因为他在自己的经典著作《君主论》中描述了一个意大利君主如何壮大自己、排挤他人的基本行为和做法,并且为许多政治家和野心家效仿和实践。在《君主论》的开篇首页,马基雅维里提出,“君主国不是世袭的就是自己开创的”。只要不改变相应的政策和人们的生活方式,并且有足够的智慧应付突发事件,世袭的国家比较容易管理;而自己开创的新君主国,管理起来就困难重重。因为那些被征服的君主国在文化、语言和习惯等方面征服者有很大的差异,要有效地控制被征服的君主国,运气和努力是必须的。最有力的办法是征服者进驻;其次是征服者在一或二个关键要地把守。同时,马基雅维里在《君主论》中说过,“君主易变而且健忘,他随时准备改变自己的立场,只要对他有利,君主必须做到不仁,并且根据需要选择仁和不仁”。马基雅维里将人性的弱点毫无保留地揭示出来,希望人们理性地对待和顺势管理。PredictingBehaviorfromPersonalityTraits(cont.)Risk-Taking-affectstimerequiredtomakeadecisionhowmuchinformationisrequiredbeforemakingacho
本文标题:管理学原理--第四讲:组织行为
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