Gothic novel哥特文学

哥特(Gothic)：1、oftheGoths(GermanicpeoplewhoinvadedtheRomanEmpire)；2、oforinastylecommoninWEuropefromthe12thtothe16thcenturiesandcharacterizedbypointedarches,archedroofs,tallthinpillars3、oforinan18th-centurystyleofliteraturewhichdescribedromanticadventuresinmysteriousorfrighteningsettings“哥特复兴”（GothicRevival）将中古世纪的阴暗情调从历史脉络的墓穴中挖掘出来。一般认为第一座真正的哥特式教堂是巴黎郊区的圣丹尼教堂。最著名的有世界上最大的哥特尖塔建筑米兰大教堂DuomodiMilano米兰大堂是意大利最大的哥特式主教堂，有“米兰的象征”之美称。主教堂始建于1386年，由米兰望族吉安•维斯孔蒂主持奠基。1500年完成拱顶，1774年中央塔上的镀金圣母玛丽亚雕像就位。1813年教堂的大部分建筑完工。1897年最后完工，历时五个世纪。1805年拿破仑曾在米兰大教堂举行加冕仪式。至1965年教堂正面最后一座铜门被安装，才算全部竣工。举世闻名的米兰大教堂，坐落于意大利米兰市中心的广场，是世界上最大的哥特式教堂，也是仅次于梵蒂冈的圣彼得教堂和西班牙的塞维利亚教堂的欧洲第三大教堂。米兰大教堂的建造历经五个多世纪才完工，因此，它的建筑风格包含了哥特式、新古典式和巴洛克式。上半部分是哥特式的尖塔，据统计共138座，最高的尖塔高达108米，尖塔之林直立挺拔，给人以飞腾升华、超脱尘世之感。下半部分是典型的巴洛克式风格，从上而下满饰雕塑，极尽繁复精美，是文艺复兴时期具有代表性的建筑物。由12根巨型石柱支撑的教堂大殿，内饰精美，仅雕像就有800余座。教堂有24扇世界上最大的彩绘玻璃窗，这些彩色玻璃造于500多年前，至今仍光彩夺目，令人惊叹.法国早期哥特式教堂的代表作是巴黎圣母院CathedralofNotre-DamedeParis。国早期哥特式教堂的代表作威尼斯的世俗建筑有许多杰作。圣马可广场上的总督宫被公认为中世纪世俗建筑中最美丽的作品之一哥特女子哥特女子的皮肤苍白、眼圈浓黑，穿着面料朴素、线条锐利的高领口的单色长袍。苍白的面孔，妖魅的身段，华丽的贵气，冷冽且浓郁的妆容。电影《异形》、《沉默的羔羊》、《惊声尖叫》、《龙卷风》、《世界末日》、《天地大冲撞》、《极度恐慌》、《蝴蝶效应》《历代的巫术》《吸血鬼诺斯费拉杜》《德古拉的噩梦》。《欲望》。《剪刀手爱德华》《夜访吸血鬼》。《乌鸦》《人狼生死恋》《理发师陶德》GothicfictionsometimesreferredtoasGothichorror):agenreofliteraturethatcombineselementsofbothhorrorandromance.Asagenre,itisgenerallybelievedtohavebeeninventedbytheEnglishauthorHoraceWalpole,withhis1764novelTheCastleofOtranto.Heinitiatedaliterarygenrewhichwouldbecomeextremelypopularinthelater18thcenturyandearly19thcenturyGothicliterature:intimatelyassociatedwiththeGothicRevivalarchitectureofthesameera.Inawaysimilartothegothicrevivalists'rejectionoftheclarityandrationalismoftheneoclassicalstyleoftheEnlightenedEstablishment,theliteraryGothicembodiesanappreciationofthejoysofextremeemotion,thethrillsoffearfulnessandaweinherentinthesublime,andaquestforatmosphere.ThestockcharactersofGothicfiction:tyrants,villains,bandits,maniacs,Byronicheroes,persecutedmaidens,monks,nuns,madwomen,magicians,vampires,werewolves,monsters,demons,dragons,angels,fallenangels,revenants归来者,ghosts,perambulatingskeletons,theWanderingJewandtheDevilhimself.mostnaturalsettings:tallbuildingsoftheGothicstyle-castles,mansions,andmonasteries,oftenremote,crumbling,andruined.HoraceWalpole贺瑞斯·华尔波尔’TheCastleofOtranto(1764)《奥特朗托城堡》isoftenregardedasthefirsttruegothicromance(hewasobsessedwithmedievalgothicarchitecture,andbuilthisownhouse)Thebasicplot:athreateningmysteryandanancestralcurse,aswellascountlesstrappingssuchashiddenpassagesandoft-faintingheroines.Theromance,usuallyheldincontemptbytheeducatedasatawdryanddebasedkindofwriting,hadonlyrecentlybeenmaderespectablebytheworksofRichardsonandFielding(Fuchs,2004;106).Aromancewithsuperstitiouselements,andmoreovervoidofdidacticalintention,wasconsideredasetbackandnotacceptableasamodernproduction.ClaraReeve(1729–1807),anEnglishnovelist,bestknownforherGothicfictionwork:TheOldEnglishBaron(1778),AnnRadcliffe(9July1764–7February1823),anEnglishauthor安·莱德克利夫:TheMysteriesofUdolpho(1794)《乌铎尔弗的奥秘》Radcliffemadethegothicnovelsociallyacceptable.Amongotherelements,AnnRadcliffeintroducedthebroodingfigureofthegothicvillain.Radcliffe'snovels,aboveallTheMysteriesofUdolpho,werebest-sellers,althoughalongwithallnovelstheywerelookeddownuponbywell-educatedpeopleassensationalistwomen'sentertainment(despitesomemen'senjoymentofthem).Theperson,beitgentlemanorlady,whohasnotpleasureinagoodnovel,mustbeintolerablystupid.IhavereadallMrs.Radcliffe'sworks,andmostofthemwithgreatpleasure.TheMysteriesofUdolpho,whenIhadoncebegunit,Icouldnotlaydownagain;Irememberfinishingitintwodays–myhairstandingonendthewholetime.[saidHenry]...Iamverygladtohearitindeed,andnowIshallneverbeashamedoflikingUdolphomyself.[repliedCatherine]MatthewGregoryLewis(9July1775–14May1818),anEnglishnovelistanddramatist,oftenreferredtoasMonkLewis:TheMonk(1796).luridtaleofmonasticdebauchery,blackmagic,anddiabolismLewis'taleappalledsomecontemporaryreaders;howeverhisportrayalofdepravedmonks,sadisticinquisitorsandspectralnuns,andhisscurrilousviewoftheCatholicChurchwasanimportantdevelopmentinthegenreMaryShelley'sFrankenstein;or,theModernPrometheus(1818)hascometodefineGothicfictionintheRomanticperiod.MaryShelley'snovel,thoughclearlyinfluencedbythegothictradition,isoftenconsideredthefirstsciencefictionnovel,despitetheomissioninthenovelofanyscientificexplanationofthemonster'sanimationandthefocusinsteadonthemoralissuesandconsequencesofsuchacreation.JohnWilliamPolidori波利多雷‘sTheVampyre(1819).TheVampyrehasbeenaccountedbyculturalcriticChristopherFraylingasoneofthemostinfluentialworksoffictioneverwrittenandspawnedacrazeforvampirefictionandtheatre(andlatterlyfilm)whichhasnotceasedtothisday.（布兰姆·斯多克BramStoker的吸血鬼（Dracula)in1897BytheVictorianeraGothichadceasedtobethedominantgenre(infacttheform'spopularityasanestablishedgenrehadalreadybeguntoerodewiththesuccessofthehistoricalromancepopularisedbySirWalterScott).CharlesDickens:whoreadgothicnovelsasateenagerandincorporatedtheirgloomyatmosphereandmelodramaintohisownworks,shiftingthemto