government and commonwealth

GuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries英语国家概况英语国家概况TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandChapter3GovernmentandtheCommonwealthTheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland英语国家概况ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesPoliticalPartiesConstitutionalMonarchyGovernmentElectionTheCommonwealthIIIIIIIVVCONTENTForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesConstitutionIGreatBritain(UK)isaparliamentarydemocracy(议会民主制）withaconstitutionalmonarch（君主立宪制）astheheadofstate1.constitutionalmonarchy1)BritishConstitutionismadeupof:StatutoryLaw(成文法)CommonLaw(判例法)Conventions(习惯法)ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries2)ConstitutionalMonarchy●Theheadofstateisakingorqueen,whosepowerhasbeengreatlyreducedsincetheGloriousRevolutionof1688.Inpractice,theSovereignreigns,butdoesnotrule.（统而不治）ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries●TheU.K.isgovernedbyHisorHerMajesty'sGovernment-abodyofMinisterswhoaretheleadingmembersofthepoliticalpartythatwinsthegeneralelection,andwhoareresponsibletoParliament.ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries●Thissystemofparliamentarygovernmentisnotbasedonawrittenconstitution（宪法典）.TheBritishconstitutionisnotwritteninanysingledocument.ItismadeupofStatutoryLaw,commonlaw,andconventions(rulesandpractices).ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries宪法典就是将有关宪法的内容集中编写而成规范性法律文件，一般都以《XXX宪法》命名。宪法典的内容都是比较抽象的原则规定，具体的问题往往要用宪法性法律规定，例如国务院组织法》、《戒严法》。在不成文宪法国家，没有宪法典，都是一系列的宪法性法律。英国为例。ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesGovernmentII2.1TheLegislature（立法部门）2.2TheExecutive（行政部门）2.3TheJudiciary（司法部门）ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries2.1TheLegislatureBasicStructureofUKCentralGovernmentMonarch(non-political)Legislature—ParliamentExecutiveJudiciary(non-political)HouseofCommons(political)HouseofLords(semi-political)PrimeMinister&Cabinet(political)Ministers&Civilservice(non-political)HouseofLordsCourtofAppealForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries2.1.1ParliamentTheUnitedKingdomisaunitarystate.AllfourcountriesofthekingdomarerepresentedintheParliamentatWestminsterinLondon.ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesParliamentthelaw-makingbodyofBritainoneoftheoldestrepresentativeassemblies（代表大会）intheworldStrictlyspeaking,theparliamentconsistsoftheSovereign（KingorQueen）,theHouseofLords(上议院),theHouseofCommons(下议院)ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesQueenElizabethIIBorn:April21,1926QueensinceJune2,1953GeorgeV→EdwardVIII→TheDukeofYork→QueenElizabethIIQueenElizabethIIisa“constitutionalmonarch”Althoughsheisofficiallytheheadofstate,thecountryisactuallyrunbythegovernmentandledbythePrimeMinister.2.1.2QueenForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries英国首相（PrimeMinister），代表英国王室和民众执掌国家行政权力的最高官员，英国政府首脑。一般情况下国会下议院的多数党党魁或执政联盟的首领自动成为首相人选，人选经国王/女王确认并任命后才正式成为首相。首相权利很大大，他可以选择他的部长，他可以解散议会。英国的实际的行政权和军事指挥在内阁,内阁以首相为首,首相就是第一大臣,充当政府首脑角色.ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesBuckinghamPalace2.1.2QueenForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesQueenElizabethII2.1.2QueenForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesShereignsbutdoesnotrule!Theoretically,sheisthesourceofallgovernmentpowers:•anintegralpartofthelegislature•headoftheexecutive,executiveandjudiciarybranches•thecommander-in-chief（总司令）ofallarmedforcesoftheCrown•“supremegovernor”oftheChurchofEnglandMoreQ.WhatpowersdoestheQueenhave?2.1.2QueenForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesInreality,herroleis“ceremonial（仪式性的）,unpoliticalandsymbolic”:StateopeningoftheParliament（主持会议的开幕）Royalassenttonewlaw（赞成新法律的实施）MeetingwiththePrimeMinisteratBuckinghamPalace（与首相议事）PaystatevisitstoCommonwealthcountriesasheadofstateandnon-CommonwealthcountriesonbehalfoftheBritishgovernment（代表国家出访）2.1.2QueenForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesFromBuckinghamtoWestminsterTheStateOpeningofParliamentWednesdayNovember26,20032.1.2QueenForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesHouseofLordandcommons两院制资本主义国家议会设上、下两院的制度。最早产生于英国，后为许多资本主义国家所采用，但各国名称不同。英国始称贵族院和平民院，后改称上议院和下议院；法国称参议院和国民议会；美国和日本叫参议院和众议院；荷兰叫第一院和第二院.英国上议院由贵族担任，不通过选举；一般情况下，上议院议员有资格限制，如年龄、财产、居住年限、学历、保证金等。两院都享有立法和监督权。立法主要在下院，但上院可采取否决、拖延等方式对下院权力进行牵制。ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries2.1.3TheHouseofLordsTheHouseofLordsoftenreferredtoas“theUpperHouse”ismadeupoftheLordsSpiritual(上议院神职议员)andtheLordsTemporal.(上议院世俗议员)TheHouseofLordsintheearly19thcenturyForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesTheLordsSpiritual(上议院神职议员)(archbishops（大主教）andprominentbishopsoftheChurchofEngland)