从句

11一．名词性从句名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。Whathewantstotellusisnotclear.Ibelieve(that)heishonest.ThetruthisthatIhavebeenthere.Thenewsthathehadlandedonthemoonspreadallovertheworld.(一)主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。主语从句的三种形式：1,由that引起的主语从句It’smyfaultthatthishashappened2，由连接代词（副词）或者whether引起的主语从句。It’snotmybusinesshowshechoosestolive.3,由what引起的主语从句。Whatshelacksisexperience.注意：为了平衡句子结构，通常使用It作形式主语代替主语从句。用it形式主语的that从句有以下四种不同的搭配：It+be+adj.＋that从句Itisnecessarythat…Itisimportantthat….Itisobviousthat……It+be+done＋that从句Itisbelievedthat…Itisknowntous/allthat….Ithasbeendecidedthat……It+be+n.＋that从句Itiscommonknowledgethat…Itisasurprisethat….Itisafactthat……It+vi＋that从句Itappearsthat…Ithappensthat….Itoccurredtomethat……(二)宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。1.作动词的宾语(1)由that引导的宾语从句(that通常可以省略),Iheardthathejoinedthearmy.(2)由what,whether(if)引导的宾语从句，Shedidnotknowwhathadhappened.Iwonderwhetheryoucanchangethisnoteforme.(3)动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。Shetoldmethatshewouldacceptmyinvitation.222.作介词的宾语，Oursuccessdependsuponhowwellwecancooperate(合作）withoneanother.3.作形容词的宾语，Iamafraid(that)I’vemadeamistake.Iamsure(that)hewillwinthegame.4.it可以作为形式宾语it不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。Wethoughtitgoodnewsthatthefoghadfinallygone.5.否定的转移若主句谓语动词为think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,fancy,guess,imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：Idon’tthinkthedressfitsyouwell.请注意whether和if的区别引导宾语从句时whether,if一般可通用。但在下列情况下一般只用whether。1.在动词discuss之后。Wediscussedwhetherweshouldclosethestore.2.Justnowtheytalkedaboutwhethertheywouldhelpus.（介词后）3.后面紧跟ornot时，一般只用whether。Hedidn’tsaywhetherornothewouldbestayinghere.4.后面跟不定式时，一般只用whether。Hedoesn’tknowwhethertogotoBeijing(ornot).5.引导主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句时Whetherhewillcomeisunknown.主语从句Thequestioniswhetheryoushouldacceptit.表语从句Thequestionwhetherhe’llattendthemeetingisnotdecided.同位语从句I’mnotinterestedinwhetherthey’llgoornot.从句作介词的宾语Shehasn’tdecidedwhethertogoornot.直接跟不定式连用1.Idon’tknow__I’llbefreetomorrow.2.Idon’tknow_____ornotI’llbefreetomorrow.3.Thequestionis_____thisbookisworthwriting.4.Itdependson_whether_____wewillhaveenoughmoney.5.______theycandoitmatterslittletous.6.Themanageraskedmethequestion________Iwouldliketobehissecretary.7.____youarenotfreetomorrow,I’llgowithoutyou.33三．表语从句在复合句中作主句的表语。表语从句和主语指同一内容，它对主语进行解释、说明，使主语的内容具体化。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be,look,remain,seem等。另外，常用的还有thereasonisthat…和Itisbecause等结构1.由从属连词引导。如：“that”,“whether”Thequestioniswhetherweshouldaskthemforhelp.2.由连接代词引导。如：“what”“who”“whom”“whose”“which”Guilinisnotwhatitusedtobe.3.由连接副词引导。如：“when”“why”“where”“how”“because”Thatiswhyhedidn’tpasstheexam.4.另可由asif,asthough引导。如Itlooksasifitweregoingtorain.注意一表语从句一定要用陈述语序。F:Thequestioniswhencanhearriveatthehotel.R:Thequestioniswhenhecanarriveatthehotel.二that在表语从句中不可以省掉。WhatItoldhimwasthatIwouldfindhimagoodplay.（that作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分，但不能省略）四．同位语从句同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。1.同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导.1)Theking’sdecisionthattheprisonerwouldbesetfreesurprisedallthepeople.2)Theorderthatallthesoldiersshouldstaystillisgivenbythegeneral.2.同位语在句子中的位置同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。HegotthenewsfromMarythatthesportsmeetingwasputoff.注意：同位语从句与定语从句的区别ThenewsthatTomwouldgoabroadistoldbyhim.（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）Thenewsthathetoldmewasfalse.（定语从句）辨别下列从句是定语从句还是同位语从句1.Weheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon.2.Wemustfacethefactthatwehadspentallourmoney.3.Thenewsthathetoldmeyesterdaywasfalse.4.Ihavenodoubtthathewillcomesoon.5.Thefactisthatwehavespentallourmoney.再次友情提醒:1）that在从句中不作句子成分，引导主语/表语/同位语从句时，不省略。2）that引导宾从时，通常可省略。但and/but连接两个由that引导的宾从时，第一个that可省略，第二个that不可省略。Theysaidthattheywerenewhereandthattheylosttheirway.44二形容词性从句（定语从句）1.定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。关系词有关系代词和关系副词关系代词有:that,which,who,whom,whose,as等关系副词有:when,where,why关系代词引导的定语从句1.who指人，在定语从句中作主语TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwhohadlosthisway.2whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略LiMingisjusttheboy(whom)Iwanttosee.注意：关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替，也可省略。Theman(whom/who)youmetjustnowismyoldfriend.3.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。Thefactorywhichmakescomputersisfarawayfromhere.Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.4．that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。Thenumberofpeoplethat/whocometovisitthiscityeachyearreachesonemillion.Theseasonthat/whichcomesafterspringissummer.Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?5．whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?Doyoulikethebookofwhichthecoverisyellow?Doyoustillremembertheday_________IfirstcametoBeijing?I’mgoingtovisittheschool_______mymothertaughtphysicstenyearsago.（三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。1.TomorrowI’llbringherethemagazine(which/that)youaskedfor.TomorrowI’llbringherethemagazineforwhichyouasked.2.Thisistheboy(whom/who/that)Iplayedtenniswithyesterday.ThisistheboywithwhomIplayedtennisyesterday.3.We’llgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/who/that)wehaveoftentalkedabout.We