您好,欢迎访问三七文档
当前位置:首页 > 商业/管理/HR > 项目/工程管理 > 初中英语语法复习(全)
一、词类:1、词类:按照词义、形式、特征及其句法作用可分为以下十种:名词、形容词、代词、数词、动词、副词、(实词)冠词、介词、连词、感叹词。(虚词)1、名词(n.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy,morning,bag,ball,class,orange.2、代词(pron.):主要用来代替名词。如:who,she,you,it.3、形容词(adj..):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good,right,white,orange.4、数词(num.):表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one,two,three,first,second,third,fourth.5、动词(v.):表示动作或状态。如:am,is,are,have,see.•6、副词(adv.):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now,very,here,often,quietly,slowly.•7、冠词(art..):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a,an,the.•8、介词(prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in,on,from,above,behind.•9、连词(conj.):用来连接词、短语或句子。如and,but,before.•10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh,well,hi,hello.注意:单词的词性往往决定了这个单词的用法,也决定了它在句子当中所起的作用。音:读音形:拼法义:词义类:词类用“用法及搭配习惯。学习单词必须同时要掌握“音、形、义、类、用”。1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类:1)、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。如:Beijing,Tom,thePeople’sRepublicofChina(中华人民共和国)专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如:theGreatWall(长城)姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义)如:theGreens(格林一家人)。2)、普通名词▲可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如:box,child,orange;▲不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如:water,news,oil,population,information.名词有些个别的单数形式和复数意义不一样。time–timesfish-fisheswork-workspaper-paperslook-looksgreen-greenspeople-peoplesglass-glassesletter-lettersfood-foodsgame-gameswind-windsword-wordsfruit-fruitsspace-twospaces-aspacecloth-clotheswind-windssnow-snows可数名词的单数形式不能独立使用,必须有a,an,the,my等词修饰。但复数名词可以独立使用,表泛指。Sheneverwearahat.Becarefulofthedog.That’sherdog.Horsesareusefulanimals.Timeflies.Theygotherethreetimesamonth.Whatwonderfultimesweareliving.名词的数1、可数名词与不可数名词A、不可数名词,初中阶段常见的不可数名词有:water;meat;rice;bread;milk;tea;orange(桔汁);fruit;air;snow;chalk;work;paper(纸);time(时间);music;weather;grass;news;food;fish(鱼肉);coke;porridge;cake(可数或不可数).不可数名词应注意以下几点:1)前无数、冠,后无复数;作主语为三单.2)表量用约数some/any;much;alotof或用of短语eg.Thereis____breadonthetable.A.aB.oneC.apieceofD.manyThereissome_______ontheplate.A.appleB.fishC.milksD.deer[C][B]3。表示自然现象的名词,常可以和不定冠词连用:aheavyrain,aheavysnow,agreafire,aclearsky,athickfog4。the+不可数名词表示特指,不加表示泛指。Wecan’tlivewithoutair.Openthewindow,Theairissobad.5.不可数名词表达确切数量必须加量词:apieceofpaper,asliceofmeat,abarofchocolate,acupoftea,abottleofmilk,abagofrice2、可数名词的复数A、规则变化1)s;sh;ch;x结尾加es读[iz]2)ce;se;ze;(d)ge结尾加seg.boxes[bksiz]blouses[blauziz]3)f(fe)结尾则变f(fe)为v加es---读[vz]eg.knives[naivz]4)“辅+y”结尾变y为i加es清就清[s]5)一般加s浊就浊[z]eg.books[buks]pens[penz]babies[beibiz]B、不规则变化:man—men;woman—women;child—childrenpoliceman—policemen;ox-oxenEnglishman—EnglishmenFrenchman—Frenchmenfoot—feet;tooth—teethmouse(鼠)—mice但注意以下几点:①potato—potatoes;tomato—tomatoes,hero-heroes②单复同形:fish;sheep;deer;Chinese;Japanese③“某国人”的复数:中日不变英法变,其余s加后面.eg.German—Germans④people,police常用单数形式表示复数概念Thepolicearelookingforthemissingboy.⑤形式为复数,但用做单数:news,maths,politics,economics,theOlympics.⑥可以是单数,也可以是复数:复数指成员,单数指整体。Family,class,team,group,public,company,army,Hisfamilyarewaitingforme.I’vegottomakeitclearthatmyfamilywasverypoor.⑦只能为复数形式:scissors,trousers,shorts,pants,gloves,compasses,clothes,thanks,woods,stairs,tears,mountains,riches⑧在短语中只用复数形式的名词:doexercises;asfollows;indozens;changetrains,tensofthousandsof,takenotes,befriendswith,theUnitedNations,makefriendswith;shakehandswith,taketurns,breakintopieces,theOlympicGamesMakeaface(faces)Playajoke(jokes)Haveatalk(talks)with⑨复合名词的复数形式fathers–in-lawgrown-upsladydriverstooth-brushesmandoctor-mendoctorswomannurse-womennurses几组易错的用法:1.Manya+名词=many+复数名词2.family.class,team,group,public,表整体和成员的概念3.population1)表人口与居民,谓语用单数2)问人口多少用what,不用howmany,howmuch3)谈到人口比。。。多用great,large,人口少用small,不用much,many,little4)当百分数、分数+ofthepopulation做主语时,谓语用复数。ThepopulationinChina__verylarge,and80%ofthepopulation___farmers.(be)表“许多”的名词1.many,agreatnumberof,alargenumberof,agoodnumberofagraetmany,manya+复数名词,afew,few2.much=agreatdealof+不可数名词,alittle,little3.alotof,lotsof,plentyof,someany,no,即修饰可数,又修饰不可数。3、名词所有格:名词’s(意思是“……的”)A.有生命的名词所有格,一般在后加“’s”Childern’sDay(儿童节),mysister’sbook(我姐姐的书)但注意:1)表两者共有则在后者加“’s”LucyandLily’sfather露西和莉莉的父亲Lucy’sandLily’sfathers露西的父亲和莉莉的父亲.2)以s结尾的词只加“’”eg.1)theboys’books2)James’father3)无生命的名词所有格用of来引导eg.thelegofthedesk4)双重所有格:a/this/some+名词+of+’s所有格Heismyfather’safriend(×)Heisamyfather’sfriend.(×)Heisafriendofmyfather’s(√)afriendofmine(√)afriendofmy(×)Afriendofhermother’sAfriendofhermotherApictureofhisbrother’sApictureofhisbrother5)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s.如:today’snewspaper(今天的报纸),tenminutes’break(十分钟的课间休息),China’spopulation(中国的人口).themoon’sray;NewYear’sday,today’snewspaper.fiveweeks’holiday.‘s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如:myaunt’s(我阿姨家),thedoctor’s(诊所)名词的用法:1)主语Thechildrenareplayingunderthetree.2)宾语Sheopensthewindow.Helooksafterthechild.3)表语Herdaughterisafamoussinger.4)宾补TheynamedtheboyJim.5)定语Thatisabicyclefactory.6)状语Shewalkstwomileseveryday7)同位语MrBrown,myEnglishteacher,doesn’tlivefarfromhere.名词作定语一般用单数,特殊复数形式用复数。Roomnumber;ashoefactory;ahatshop;babyclothes,aglassesstore;filmtickets,thecardoor,afternoontea,heartattack,orangejuice.Apaperbasketwomenteachers.Aclothesshop有连字符号的复合名词做定语,只能用单数:Four-weekcourse;three-legtable;ten-year-oldboyTheend!初中英语复习专辑(2)——冠词3.17•1、不定冠词a,an•a用在辅音音素开头的词前eg.abook•ausefulbook[ju:sful]a“u”[ju:]•an用于元音开头的词前.eg.anapple•anhour[au]an“F”[ef]•(1)表示某一个人或东西
本文标题:初中英语语法复习(全)
链接地址:https://www.777doc.com/doc-3665431 .html