6：雅思阅读标题题上

第六讲：雅思阅读标题题（Heading）王莹一、题型要求•文章由若干段话组成，要求给每段话找个小标题。小标题即指该段话的段落大意，中心思想，主旨。•题目形式通常是文章中的一段话标出小标题作为例子，要求选余下段落的小标题。给出小标题通常是原文的第一段。二、特点：•位于文章前•特别耗时间•开头容易错•错就错两个三、掌握段落主旨的两种方法•常用法：分析段落结构，找主题句•a)总分结构•b)分总结构•c)分总分结构•d)对比结构•e)并列结构•简易法：重复出现时主旨•a)原词重复•b)同类词重复•c)指代重复•总分结构（剑3Test2）：•Alltheseactivitiesmayhavedamagingenvironmentalimpacts.Forexample,landclearingforagricultureisthelargestsinglecauseofdeforestation;chemicalfertilisersandpesticidesmaycontaminatewatersupplies;moreintensivefarmingandtheabandonmentoffallowperiodstendtoexacerbatesoilerosion;andthespreadofmonocultureanduseofhigh-yieldingvarietiesofcropshavebeenaccompaniedbythe•disappearanceofoldvarietiesoffoodplantswhichmighthaveprovidedsomeinsuranceagainstpestsordiseasesinfuture.Soilerosionthreatenstheproductivityoflandinbothrichandpoorcountries.TheUnitedStates,wherethemostcarefulmeasurementshavebeendone,discoveredin1982thataboutone-fifthofitsfarmlandwaslosingtopsoilataratelikelytodiminishthesoil’sproductivity.Thecountrysubsequentlyembarkeduponaprogramtoconvert11percentofitscroppedlandtomeadoworforest.TopsoilinIndiaandChinaisvanishingmuchfasterthaninAmerica.1demandingenvironmentalimpacts(-)2deforestation(-)分析图2disappearanceofoldplants(-)2soilerosion(-)2contaminatewater(-)3soilerosion4/5theUS6IndiaandChina总分总结构:剑三TIP3Q31•ⅠTheCrickandWatsonapproachtoresearchⅡAntidotestobacterialinfectionⅢThetestingofhypothesesⅣExplainingtheinductivemethodⅤAnticipatingresultsbeforedataiscollectedⅥHowresearchisdoneandhowitisreportedⅦTheroleofhypothesesinscientificresearchⅧDeducingtheconsequencesofhypothesesⅨKarlPopper'sclaimthatthescientificmethodishypothetico-deductiveⅩTheunbiasedresearcher•Hypothesesarisebyguesswork,orbyinspiration,buthavingbeenformulatedtheycanandmustbetestedrigorously,usingtheappropriatemethodology.Ifthepredictionsyoumakeasaresultofdeducingcertainconsequencesfromyourhypothesisarenotshowntobecorrectthenyoudiscardormodifyyourhypothesis.Ifthepredictionsturnouttobecorrectthenyourhypothesishasbeensupportedandmayberetaineduntilsuchtimeassomefurthertestshowsitnottobecorrect.Onceyouhavearrivedatyourhypothesis,whichisaproductofyourimagination,youthenproceedtoastrictlylogicalandrigorousprocess,basedupondeductiveargument-hencetheterm'hypothetico-deductive'.分析图1hypothesescanandmustbetested2Ifthepredictionsarenotshowntobecorrect(-)3Ifthepredictionsturnouttobecorrect(+)4hypothetico-deductive分总结构•ListofHeadings(i)Theeffectofchangingdemographicsonorganisations(ii)FuturechangesintheEuropeanworkforce(iii)Theunstructuredinterviewanditsvalidity(iv)Theperson-skillsmatchapproachtoselection(v)Theimplicationsofapoorperson-environmentfit(vi)Somepoorselectiondecisions(vii)Thevalidityofselectionprocedures(viii)Theperson-environmentfit(ix)PastandfuturedemographicchangesinEurope(x)Adequateandinadequateexplanationsoforganizationalfailure•Anorganizationisonlyasgoodasthepeopleitemploys.Selectingtherightpersonforthejobinvolvesmorethanidentifyingtheessentialordesirablerangeofskills,educationalandprofessionalqualificationsnecessarytoperformthejobandthenrecruitingthecandidatewhoismostlikelytopossesstheseskillsoratleastisperceivedtohavetheabilityandpredispositiontoacquirethem.Thisisapurelyperson/skillsmatchapproachtoselection.分析图1organization,asgoodas,people2skills,qualifications,ability3person/skillsmatchTherearenowover700millionmotorvehiclesintheworld–andthenumberisrisingbymorethan40millioneachyear.Theaveragedistancedrivenbycarusersisgrowingtoo–from8kmadayperpersoninwesternEuropein1965to24kmadayin1995.Thisdependenceonmotorvehicleshasgivenrisetomajorproblems,includingenvironmentalpollution,depletionofoilresources,trafficcongestionandsafety(TS).•SECTIONA•Themeansbywhichanartformpresentsitsmessageisreferredtoasthemedium.Thus，soundproducedbyinstrumentsorhumanvoicesisthemediumofmusic.Paintoncanvasorpaperisthemediumofpainting.Forliterature，themediumiswrittenlanguage.Fortheater,itisastoryperformedbyactorsonastage.•SECTIONB•Dramaissometimesseenasabranchofliteraturebecauseplays，likeliterature,areoftenprintedinbookform.However,thereisanimportantdifferencebetweenthetwoforms.Unlikeanovel，aplayiswrittentobeperformed,andthescriptofaplayisnotafinishedwork；itisanoutlineforaperformance.Thephysicalproductionoftheplay--thescenery,lighting，andcostumes--willaffecttheperformance,andsowilltheactors.Howtheactorsinterprettheirrolesgreatlyinfluencestheplay’seffectontheaudience.•SECTIONC•Thebasicencounterintheaterisbetweentheperformersandtheaudience.Thisisaspecialtypeofencounterbecausetheperformersareplayingotherpeople，characters.Moreover,thecharactersarepartofahumanstorythathasbeenwrittenbyadramatist.Thiscombinationofelementsdistinguishestheaterfromotherartforms.分总分结构剑三T1P3Q30•ListofHeadingsⅠTheCrickandWatsonapproachtoresearchⅡAntidotestobacterialinfectionⅢThetestingofhypothesesⅣExplainingtheinductivemethodⅤAnticipatingresultsbeforedataiscollectedⅥHowresearchisdoneandhowitisreportedⅦTheroleofhypothesesinscientificresearchⅧDeducingtheconsequencesofhypothesesⅨKarlPopper'sclaimthatthescientificmethodishypothetico-deductiveⅩTheu