语态(voice)是个语法范畴

语态(voice)是个语法范畴，它是一种动词形式，表示动词的主语与该动词所表示的动作之间的主动和被动关系。当主语是动作的执行者时，动词用主动语态（ActiveVoice）；如果主语是动作的承受者，动词便用被动语态（PassiveVoice）。Wecleanedtheclassroomyesterday.昨天我们打扫了教室。Theclassroomwascleanedbyusyesterday.昨天教室被我们打扫了。动词的被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。当主动句变为被动句时，原来的宾语变成了主语，原来的主语变成了介词by的宾语。主动句与被动句的结构虽然不同，但动作的执行者和承受者的关系并没有改变。一般现在时：am/is/aredone一般过去时：was/weredone现在进行时：am/is/arebeingdone过去进行时：was/werebeingdone现在完成时：have/hasbeendone过去完成时：hadbeendone一般将来时：shall/willbedone;begoingtobedone当句中含有情态动词时，句子结构为can/must/haveto…bedoneHeisregardedasabrilliant.他被认为很有才气。Thisbookwaswrittenin1969.这本书是1969年写成的。Thebrokenbikeisbeingrepairednow.那辆坏了的自行车正在被修理。Hetoldusthecatwasbeingwashedwhenwecalledhim.他告诉我们打电话时他正在给猫洗澡。Thepenhasbeenusedforseveralyears.这支钢笔已经用了几年。Hesaidthefactoryhadbeenopened.他说这家工厂已经开张。Theworkwillbefinishedinthreehours.工作将于三小时后完成。Thebabymustbelookedafterwell.这孩子必须被好好照顾。在被动句中有时用by-词组，有时不用。一般来说，当动作的执行者为谁不甚清楚，不甚重要或难以说出时，通常不用by。但有时为了强调动作执行者或者由于上下和结构上的需要则必须使用by词组。例如：(一)主动句与被动句的转换1．含有单宾语的主动句的转换：HamletwaswrittenbyShakespeare.《哈姆雷特》是莎士比亚写的。PeoplespeakEnglishalmostallovertheworld.世界各地都有人讲英语。当主动句的宾语是that引导的宾语从句，可转换为两种形式的被动句。1)用先行的it作形式主语，把宾语从句变成后置的主语从句；2)把宾语从句里的主语变成被动句的主语，同时把宾语从句中的谓语变成不定式短语。Englishisspokenalmostallovertheworld.Peoplebelievethatheisanhonestboy.大家认为他是个诚实的孩子。2.含有双宾语的主动句的转换IgavethebooktoMr.Smithyesterday.昨天我给了史密斯先生一本书。Itisbelievedthatheisanhonestboy.Theboyisbelievedtobeanhonestone.Mr.Smithwasgivenabookyesterday(byme).ThebookwasgiventoMr.Smithyesterday(byme).3.含有介词动词的主动句的转换。Theyhaveneverlistenedtohim.人家从不听他的话。表示被动意义的主动句：Cottonfeelssoft.棉花摸上去很柔软。Ripeapplespickeasily.熟了的苹果容易摘下来。Hehasneverbeenlistenedto.I.Rewritethefollowingsentencesinthepassivevoice.(用被动语态改写下列各句)：1)Theyareservingbreakfastbetweeneightandteno’clock.Breakfastisbeingservedbetweeneightandteno’clock.2)Peopleweretalkingabouttheunusuallyhotweather.Theunusuallyhotweatherwasbeingtalkedabout.3)Hisfatherallowshimalittlemoneyeverymonth.Alittlemoneyisallowedtohimbyhisfathereverymonth.4)Theteacherwillgiveyousomeinstructions.Someinstructionswillbegiventoyou.Youwillbegivensomeinstructions.II.Rewritethefollowingsentencesintheactivevoice.(用主动语态改写下列句子)1)Manychangescanbeseenbytheyear2008.Peoplecanseemanychangesbytheyear2008.2)Thisletterneedn’ttobetyped.Youneedn’ttypethisletter.有些情况下动词的主动形式也可以表示被动意义。一、表示“开始”；“结束”类的动词。常见的这类动词有begin,start,open,close,end,finish,stop等。例如：SchoolbeginsinSeptember.Thestoresinthisareaopenlateratweekendsthanatweekdays.二、主语是物，谓语是表示主语特征或属性的动词。常见的这类动词有write,read,wear,wash,clean,sell,run,lock等。这些动词常与副词或否定词连用。例如：Themachinerunswell.Thispenwritesquitesmoothly.Thebookshelfhardlysells.三、表示主语状态特征的连系动词：look,feel,smell,taste,sound,prove,appear等。例如：—Doyoulikethematerial?—Yes,it________verysoft.A.isfeelingB.feltC.feelsD.isfeltCYourideasoundsreasonable.Whathesaidprovedtobecorrect.四、动名词主动形式表示被动意义1.在need,require,want(需要)等动词后，表示某物(人)要进行……处理时，后接动名词一般式的主动形式作宾语表示被动意义，相当于不定式的被动式。例如：—You'vecomejustintimetohelpus.—Fine,whatrequiresdoing?(=Fine,whatrequirestobedone?)Thissentenceneeds________.A.animprovementB.improveC.improvingD.improvedC2.beworth后接动名词的主动式表示被动意义。Hissuggestionisnotworthconsidering.五、动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义1.不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式有逻辑上的主谓关系时。例如：ThenexttraintoarrivewasfromNewYork.2.作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词有逻辑上的动宾关系，且句子的主语或间接宾语与该不定式有逻辑上的主谓关系时。Pleasegivemesomethingtoeat.Ihavealotofworktodotoday.3.用在作表语或宾语补足语的形容词后面的不定式，如果与句子的主语或宾语有动宾关系时，一般用主动形式。例如：HisspeechinEnglishwasdifficulttofollow.Doyouthinkhimeasytogetalongwith?(间接宾语me是toeat的逻辑主语)(主语I是todo的逻辑主语)(状语tofollow与主语有动宾关系)(不定式与宾语有动宾关系)Drills：A:1.ItsuddenlysnowedwhileMary____forthebus.A.waitedB.waitsC.waswaitingD.waswaited2.Abigpowerstation()______inmyhometownnow.A.hasbeenbuiltB.isbeingbuiltC.hasbuiltD.isbuilding.3.Stamps______bypeopleforsendingletters.A.useB.usingC.usedD.areused.4.Mustoldpeople_____topolitely?A.speakB.spokenC.bespokeD.bespokenCBDD5.Bikemustn’t_____everywhere.A.beupB.beputC.putC.putting6.Thewomanfelloffthebikeand____ontheroad.A.layB.waslainC.liedD.haslain7.Theoldmanandthechildren_____inourcountry.A.musttakegoodcareB.mustbetakegoodcareofC.musttakegoodcareofDmustbetakengoodcareof8.GrannyWangtoldthelittlechildrenthatthesun___Fromtheeast.A.hasrisenB.riseC.risesD.isrisenBADC9.Alltreesmust_____wellwhenitisdry.A.bewaterB.wateringC.waterD.bewatered10.__Ithinktheshop_____________.__No,it’sopen.It_____________atsix.closedA.AskedBwillbeaskedC.closed;closesD.closes;is11.Yesterdayavisitor____somethingabouthometown.A.askedB.willbeaskedC.wasaskedD.hasbeenasked.12ThisbikeismadeinAmerica.It’s____fortravelling.A.useB.usingC.touseD.usedDDCDB:Answerrightorwrong1.必须照看好孩子们。Thechildrenmustbetakengoodcare.()Thechildrenmustbetakengoodcareof.()2.这本书是鲁迅写的。/3.昨天那支笔是他给我的。ThisbookwaswrotebyLuXun.()ThisbookwaswrittenbyLuXun.()3.Thatpencilwasgivenmebyhimyesterday.()Thatpencilwasgiventomebyhimyesterday.()WRWRWR4.这辆自行车能修吗？Canthisbikemended?()Canthisbikebemended?()5.街道已由他们清理了。Thestreethasbeencleanedbythey.()Thestreethasbeencleanedbythem.()WRWR1)Howareyoutoday?Oh,I_________asillasIdonowforaverylongtime.A.didn’tfeelB.wasn’tfeelingC.don’tfeelD.haven’tfelt.2)OldMcDonaldga