american policy 美国政治

POST-WWIIAMERICANFOREIGNPOLICYByCarynAmericanforeignpolicysinceWorldWarIIcanbedividedintotwophases:(P198)•thefirstbetween1945and1991•Inthefirstphase:itsbasicgoalofthepolicyistocontainSovietexpansionandtofinallybringaboutchangeinSovietpoliticalsystem.•thesecondafter1991•Inthesecondphase:thebasicgoalistomaintainAmericandominationintheworldaslongaspossibleandtoremaketheworldinAmericanimage.I.TheColdWar1945-1990USvs.UnionofSovietSocialistRepublicsDemocracyvs.CommunismCapitalismvs.SocialismTheBeginningoftheColdWar•UssituationafterWWII•BytheendofWWII,theUSbecamethestrongestcountryintheworld.Asthesolepossessorofatomicbombs,withover70%ofthegoldreserveoftheworldinitscoffersandover50%ofindustrialproductionoftheworldinitshand,theplannersoftheUSwerevisualizingaPaxAmericana（美国和平）(P198).•USSRsituationafterWWII•ButtheSovietUnionsufferedgreatlossesinthewar.Atsuchcost,itwantedtokeepwhatithadgotinthewar,asphereofinfluence（势力范围）agreedonbytheUnitedStatesandBritainatYalta.US/USSRRelationshipduringWWII•BeforetheendoftheWorldWarII,Stalin,ChurchillandRooseveltmetatYaltatoplanwhatshouldhappenwhenthewarended.Theyagreedonmanypoints:1.TheestablishmentoftheUnitedNations2.DivisionofGermanyintofourzones3.FreeelectionsallowedinthestatesofEasternEurope4.Russia’spromisetojointhewaragainstJapanNoagreementwasreachedonPoland.WinstonChurchill(England),FranklinRoosevelt(US)andJosephStalin(USSR)meetinYaltain1945todecidethefateofpost-warEurope.TheOriginsoftheColdWarWhenFranklinD.RooseveltdiedinApril1945,HarryTruman,hisvicepresident,becamepresident.Atthattime,althoughtheSecondWorldWarhadnotended,disagreementandconflictbetweentheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionemergedandbecamemoreandmoreintense.Theseconflictsarosebasicallyfromtheirseparateconceptsofpostwarworldorder.对战后世界秩序的分歧（美国、前苏联两国的矛盾）HarryS.Truman•HarryS.Truman(1884–1972)wasthe33rdPresidentoftheUnitedStates(1945–1953).Asthe34thVicePresidentoftheUnitedStates(1945),hesucceededtothepresidencyin1945,whenPresidentRooseveltdiedlessthanthreemonthsafterbeginninghisunprecedentedfourthterm.•1.tousenuclearweaponsagainstJapan•2.thefoundingoftheUnitedNations•3.theTrumanDoctrinetocontaincommunism•4.thebeginningoftheColdWar,•5thecreationofNATO,•6theChineseCivilWar,andtheKoreanWar.•ThebuckstopshereandIfyoucan'tstandtheheat,youbettergetoutofthekitchen.TrumanDoctrine(1947)•TheTrumanDoctrinewastheUnitedStates'politicalresponsetoperceivedaggressionbytheSovietUnioninEuropeandtheMiddleEast,illustratedthroughthecommunistmovementsinIran,TurkeyandGreece.UndertheTrumanDoctrine,theUnitedStateswaspreparedtosendanymoney,equipmentormilitaryforcetocountriesthatwerethreatenedbythecommunistgovernment,therebyofferingassistancetothosecountriesresistingcommunism.NATO:NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization•In1949thewesternnationsformedtheNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganizationtocoordinatetheirdefenseagainstUSSR.•Itoriginallyconsistedof:–America–Belgium–Britain–Canada–Denmark–France–Holland–Italy–Luxembourg–Norway–Portugal•SincethefalloftheSovietUnionin1991,someformerSovietrepublicshaveappliedformembershiptoNATO.NATOflagWarsawPact•WarsawPact:organizationofcommuniststatesinCentralandEasternEurope.•EstablishedMay14,1955inWarsaw,Poland•USSRestablishedinresponsetoNATOtreaty•Foundingmembers:–Albania(leftin1961asaresultoftheSino-Sovietsplit)–Bulgaria–Czechoslovakia–Hungary–Poland–Romania–USSR–EastGermanyGreatestextentofWarsawPact1945USAexplodesatomicbomb(A-bomb)1949USSRteststheirfirstatomicbomb1949USAtestshydrogenbomb(H-bomb)TheArmsRaceTheatomicbombwasfirstusedon6August1945ontheJapanese.TheArmsRacewaswhentheUSAandtheUSSRwantedtobuildmoreandmorepowerfulweapons.JustlikeotheraspectsoftheColdWar,itbecameacontesttoseewhowhichsuperpowerwasthe‘greatest’.TheArmsRaceUnitedStatesSovietUnion1949—1953Firsttestofthehydrogenbombin1952Donateditsfirstatomicdevicein19491957—1980SteppedupresearchandproductionofnuclearweaponsandthecarryingvehiclesLaunchedtwosputniks(人造卫星）intotheorbit1980sRonaldReaganinitiatedtheStarWarsprojectGorbachevwantedtoendtheArmsRaceTheendoftheArmsRaceIn1980RonaldReaganbecamethenewUSpresident.Hewasstronglyanti-communistandfelttheUSAhadfallenbehindtheUSSR.In1995,GorbachevbecamethenewleaderoftheUSSR.GorbachevwantedtoendtheArmsRace,andmeetingsbetweentheUSAandtheUSSRtookplaceinReykjavikin1986andWashingtonin1987.START(1991)StrategicArmsLimitationsTalks.ThecontainmentpolicyUnitedstatesputintoeffectthecontainment（遏止政策）policyInlate1940s.In1948presidentTrumanputforwardtheTrumanDoctrineTwowarsinAsia:TheKoreanWar；TheVietnamWarTheKoreanWar,1950~1953China:114,000killedincombat34,000non-combatdeaths380,000woundedUnitedStates:36,516dead(including2,830non-combat)92,134woundedTheVietnamWar,1959~1975TheVietnamWarMemorial(纪念碑),WashingtonD.C.Over1.4millionmilitarypersonnelswerekilledinthewar(6%US);Civilianfatalities:2million.RichardNixon•37thPresident(1969-1974)•effectivelyendingAmerican•involvementVietnamwar•diplomaticrelationwithCPR•WatergateScandalresignedonAugust9,1974•TheNixonDoctrine:Providenuclearprotectiontoitsalliesintheregionandgivemilitaryandeconomicsupportto