操作系统的英文版本的第一章课件

12/12/2020操作系统课件教材：《操作系统概念（第六版影印版）》【原书名】OperatingSystemConcepts(SixthEdition)[原书信息]【原出版社】JohnWiley&Sons,Incl.【作者】（美）AbrahamSilberschatz&PeterBaerGalvin&GregGagne【丛书名】国外优秀信息科学与技术系列教学用书【出版社】高等教育出版社【书号】7-04-011048-2【出版日期】2002-5-122/12/2020操作系统概念（第六版影印版）》本书是计算机类专业操作系统课程的一本经典教材，自第一版问世以来，经历了近20年的锤炼，被认为是该课程教材的一本“圣经”。它对操作系统的概念和基本原理给出了清晰的阐述。本书所涉及的基本概念和算法均基于当前商用操作系统，并在非特定操作系统的通用环境中展开讲解。书中介绍了大量与流行操作系统相关的实现技术，包括Solaris2、Linux、WindowsNT、Windows2000、OS/2和AppleMacintosh操作系统。此版包括了线程、Windows2000的新章节，并新增了客户/服务器模型和网络文件系统、嵌入式操作系统、实时操作系统、分布式操作系统等。32/12/2020教材作者的网站网站上的主要内容：教学参考用PowerPointJava程序源代码教学内容安排的建议错误订正有关其他OS书籍的连接本课件主要参考：Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne200242/12/2020教材特点保持OperatingSystemConcepts，OSC的原特点讨论在各种操作系统中应用的基础概念大量在UNIX和其他操作系统中的例子:Solaris，Windows,NT,Linux,OS/2,AppleOS和Mach该书可以作为大学本科低年级或高年级操作系统的入门课程，或用作研究生第一年课程在OperatingSystemConcepts，OSC第5版基础上，修改而成OSC是一本被广泛采用的操作系统教科书OSC特点：最大特点是概念叙述清晰叙述方式易读、易懂前5版卖出20万本随着版本的更新，不断去除旧材料，增加新材料和新例子52/12/2020Chapter1:IntroductionWhatisanOperatingSystem?MainframeSystemsDesktopSystemsMultiprocessorSystemsDistributedSystemsClusteredSystemReal-TimeSystemsHandheldSystemsComputingEnvironments62/12/2020WhatisanOperatingSystem?Aprogramthatactsasanintermediarybetweenauserofacomputerandthecomputerhardware.Operatingsystemgoals:Executeuserprogramsandmakesolvinguserproblemseasier.Makethecomputersystemconvenienttouse.Usethecomputerhardwareinanefficientmanner.72/12/2020ComputerSystemComponents1.Hardware–providesbasiccomputingresources(CPU,memory,I/Odevices).2.Operatingsystem–controlsandcoordinatestheuseofthehardwareamongthevariousapplicationprogramsforthevarioususers.3.Applicationsprograms–definethewaysinwhichthesystemresourcesareusedtosolvethecomputingproblemsoftheusers(compilers,databasesystems,videogames,businessprograms).4.Users(people,machines,othercomputers).82/12/2020AbstractViewofSystemComponents92/12/2020OperatingSystemDefinitionsResourceallocator–managesandallocatesresources.Controlprogram–controlstheexecutionofuserprogramsandoperationsofI/Odevices.Kernel–theoneprogramrunningatalltimes(allelsebeingapplicationprograms).102/12/2020MainframeSystemsReducesetuptimebybatchingsimilarjobsAutomaticjobsequencing–automaticallytransferscontrolfromonejobtoanother.Firstrudimentaryoperatingsystem.Residentmonitorinitialcontrolinmonitorcontroltransferstojobwhenjobcompletescontroltransferspacktomonitor112/12/2020MemoryLayoutforaSimpleBatchSystem122/12/2020MultiprogrammedBatchSystemsSeveraljobsarekeptinmainmemoryatthesametime,andtheCPUismultiplexedamongthem.132/12/2020OSFeaturesNeededforMultiprogrammingI/Oroutinesuppliedbythesystem.Memorymanagement–thesystemmustallocatethememorytoseveraljobs.CPUscheduling–thesystemmustchooseamongseveraljobsreadytorun.Allocationofdevices.142/12/2020Time-SharingSystems–InteractiveComputingTheCPUismultiplexedamongseveraljobsthatarekeptinmemoryandondisk(theCPUisallocatedtoajobonlyifthejobisinmemory).Ajobswappedinandoutofmemorytothedisk.On-linecommunicationbetweentheuserandthesystemisprovided;whentheoperatingsystemfinishestheexecutionofonecommand,itseeksthenext“controlstatement”fromtheuser’skeyboard.On-linesystemmustbeavailableforuserstoaccessdataandcode.152/12/2020DesktopSystemsPersonalcomputers–computersystemdedicatedtoasingleuser.I/Odevices–keyboards,mice,displayscreens,smallprinters.Userconvenienceandresponsiveness.Canadopttechnologydevelopedforlargeroperatingsystem’oftenindividualshavesoleuseofcomputeranddonotneedadvancedCPUutilizationofprotectionfeatures.Mayrunseveraldifferenttypesofoperatingsystems(Windows,MacOS,UNIX,Linux)162/12/2020ParallelSystemsMultiprocessorsystemswithmorethanonCPUinclosecommunication.Tightlycoupledsystem–processorssharememoryandaclock;communicationusuallytakesplacethroughthesharedmemory.Advantagesofparallelsystem:IncreasedthroughputEconomicalIncreasedreliabilitygracefuldegradationfail-softsystems172/12/2020ParallelSystems(Cont.)Symmetricmultiprocessing(SMP)Eachprocessorrunsandidenticalcopyoftheoperatingsystem.Manyprocessescanrunatoncewithoutperformancedeterioration.MostmodernoperatingsystemssupportSMPAsymmetricmultiprocessingEachprocessorisassignedaspecifictask;masterprocessorschedulesandallocatedworktoslaveprocessors.Morecommoninextremelylargesystems182/12/2020SymmetricMultiprocessingArchitecture192/12/2020DistributedSystemsDistributethecomputationamongseveralphysicalprocessors.Looselycoupledsystem–eachprocessorhasitsownlocalmemory;processorscommunicatewithoneanotherthroughvariouscommunicationslines,suchashigh-speedbusesortelephonelines.Advantagesofdistributedsystems.ResourcesSharingComputationspeedup–loadsharingReliabilityCommunications202/12/2020DistributedSystems(cont)Requiresnetworkinginfrastructure.Localareanetworks(LAN)orWideareanetworks(WAN)Maybeeitherclient-serverorpeer-to-peersystems.212/12/2020GeneralStructureofClient-Server222/12/2020ClusteredSystemsClusteringallowstwoormoresystemstosharestorage.Provideshighreliability.