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辅音(Consonants)第一节辅音分类英音美音辅音发音基本相同。英音有24个辅音,美音有25个辅音。辅音按照声带振动与否分两大类:清辅音(voicelessconsonants):只有气流由肺部经气管由口腔或鼻腔而出,声带不振动。浊辅音(voicedconsonants):在送气的同时声带振动。辅音按照发音方式分六大类:爆破音(ThePlosiveConsonants):/p,b,t,d,k,g/摩擦音(TheFricativeConsonants):/f,vs,zʃӠѲǑh,r/破擦音(TheAffricateConsonants):/ʧ,ʤ/(ʦ,ʥtr,dr)鼻音(TheNasalConsonants):/m,n,ŋ/舌侧音(TheLateralConsonants):/l∤/半元音(TheSemi-Vowels):/wj/(英音);/hwwj/(美音)辅音按照气流受发音器官阻碍的部位分为九大类:1)双唇音(Bilabial):发音时受双唇全部或部分阻碍/pbmhww/2)唇齿音(Labiodental):发音时上齿轻轻接触下唇/fv/3)齿音(Dental):发音时舌端轻轻接触上齿背/ѲǑ/4)齿龈音(Alveolar):发音时受舌端和上齿龈的阻碍/tdsznl//tdnl/发音时舌端抵上齿龈;/sz/发音时舌端接近上齿龈,但不抵住上齿龈。5)齿龈硬颚音(Alveolo-palatal):发音时受齿龈和硬颚的部分阻碍/ʃӠʧ,ʤ/6)舌前硬颚音(Lingua-palatal):发音时舌前向硬颚抬起,受部分阻碍/j/7)软颚音(Velar):发音时舌后部抬高抵住软颚/kgŋ/8)声门音(Glottal):发音时声门大开,气流流过声门时发生摩擦/h/9)舌前齿龈音(英音)(Lingua-alveolar):发音时舌端向齿龈后部抬起/r/卷舌齿龈音(美音)(Retroflex-alveolar):发音时舌端向齿龈后部抬起并卷滑/r/第二节爆破音(ThePlosiveConsonants):/pb,td,kg/爆破音的特点:发音时,气流在口腔中收某部位发音器官完全阻碍,然后爆破而出,通常十分短促。1./pb/:为一对双唇音,发音部位完全相同。发音时双唇紧闭,然后突然放开,气流从口腔爆破而出。/p/为清辅音,送气有力,声带不振动。/b/为浊辅音,声带振动,但爆破力比/p/弱。两个音均可出现在词首、词中、和词尾。注意:1)/p/在重读元音前吐气最强,如pen,penny,post,pound,pretty,;在非重读音节前吐气较弱,如keeper,deepen,sharpen,hopeless,hopeful;在词尾通常吐气最弱,如hope,deep,cup,keep,nap,lap,wrap,shop2)/b/在词首重读元音前,爆破较强,如big,bit,boy;;在词末爆破力极弱,通常必须清音化(Devoiced)如rub,robBobtuberibnib3)/pb/和其它辅音相邻,必须清音化,即不完全爆破,如robthebank;jumptherope;friendshipfirst;stepforward;ripefruit4)/pb/和另一个爆破音相邻,只是发音部位到位,即完全失去爆破,如hopetostop;stepbystep;clubbag;(手提旅行包)clubcar(火车休息车厢)September;stoptalking;keepquiet5)/p/在/s/音后面吐气很弱,部分浊化,如speak,sport,spotspy,spit,spark,spade,spinster英汉对比:当这两个音在词尾时,注意不要发成汉语拼音的b,p,也不要发成类似于汉字的“扑pu”和“不bu”,如:rob,tube,rib;stop,hope,deep等。2./t,d/:是一对齿龈音,发音方式和发音部位相同。发音时,舌端抵上齿龈,气流冲破舌端和上齿龈的阻碍,由口腔爆破而出。/t/为清辅音,发音时声带不振动,吐气极强;/d/为浊辅音,发音时声带振动,但吐气比/t/弱。两个音均可出现在词首、词中、和词尾。注意:1)/t/音在重读元音前爆破最强,如:taptoptentintimetametilltalltontongue在词末爆破最弱,如:itaterightratemightmatecatcaughtleastlast在词中时,英音吐气较强,美音吐气较弱,有部分浊化,如:citypartyeightyninetyloftymighty2)/d/音在重读元音前爆破最强,如:dodoesdiddigdoordowndeepdutydeeddeathdaddy在词末爆破最弱,如:badmadpadbedredbidmidloadroadlordtide在词中时爆破较弱,如:elderolderideadefenderreadylady3)/t,d/和其它辅音相邻时,必须清音化,即不完全爆破,如:/t/+摩擦音:abrightfutrue;sweetflowers;acompletefailure;firstvisit;constantvigilance;acompletevictory;justthink;getthrough;brightthought;therightthing;abstracttheory;getthere;justthen;brightsky;firststep;shortstories;agreatsuccess;firstshift;asmartshirt;/d/+摩擦音:friendship;oldfriends;redflgs;advance;adviceakindvoice;aone-sidedview;secondvolume;athousandthanks;redstars;agoodseasonagoodzipperagoodshot;/t/+破擦音:whitechalk;greatchanges;thefirstchapter;abitdry;excellentjugement;afasttrain;asweetdream/d/+破擦音:agoodtry;agoodchild;loudcheers;asecondchoice;agoodjob;ahardjourney;acolddrink/t/+鼻音:notmine;adifferentmeaning;animportantmatter;atnoon;notnow;don’tknow;quitenear;urgentneeds/d/+鼻音:goodmorning;attendmeetings;agoodmemory;midnight;oddnumbers;goodmews;aloudnoise/t/+舌侧音:little;battle;bottle;cattle;gentle;kettle;settle;title;atleast;atlast;atleisure;atlunch;atliberty;anoutline;/d/+舌侧音:bundle;candle;handle;idle;middle;paddle;needle;boldly;friendly;hardly;loudly;proudly;rapidly;aredlantern;thethirdlesson;agoodleader;thesecondlongest4)/t,d/和另一个爆破音相邻,只是发音部位到位,即完全失去爆破(可以感觉到此音,但不闻其声)如:post-card;putdown;wetground;nextdoor;notbad;greatconcern;quitedifferent;wastetime;agreatdealhardtimes;madcap(鲁莽的);agoodpen;abadperson;thesecondpage;agoodgirl;abadboy;thirdpencil;ahardcake;5)/t//在/s/音后面吐气很弱,部分浊化,如:steel;still;stone;stay;steal;steak;star;story;stand英汉对比:要把这两个音与汉语拼音的t,d区分开,汉语拼音的t,d发音时没有气流阻碍,因而没有爆破,并且两个音都发声。英英对比:要区分/t,d/与/ʧ,ʤ/的发音方式。/ʧ,ʤ/是一对齿龈硬颚音,发音时,舌端接近上齿龈后部的同时,舌身抬高。3./k,g/:是一对软颚音,发音时舌后抬高,与软颚形成阻碍,气流冲破舌后与软颚的阻碍,由口腔爆破而出。/k/是清辅音,发音时声带不振动,吐气强;/g/是浊辅音,发音时声带振动,吐气较/k/弱。两个音均可出现在词首、词中和词尾。注意:1)/k/音在重读元音前爆破最强,如:k:kingkeenkeepkeykisskindkitekickkingkidnapkitchenc:catcupcomecarcargocoldcoffeebecomeincreasech:mechanicchemicalchemistrycharacter在非重读元音前爆破较弱,如:c:conductsecondluckych:monarchstomach在词末爆破最弱,如:k:laketakedarkparklarkmarkthankthinkdrinkpinkck:blackpackkickquicklockknockduckluckqu:conquerliquorqu通常在词首时读/kw/,如:queenquickquitequietquotequarterquantityqualityquarrelqualifierqualify但:liquid2)/g/音在重读元音前爆破最强,如:gamegategaygogoalgivegetgotgardengarliccigar在非重读元音前爆破较弱,如:eagercigarettestrongerAugust在词末爆破最弱,如:biglegbegflagdugdogfogmugtug3)/k,g/和其它辅音相邻时,必须清音化,即不完全爆破,如:/k/+摩擦音:makesure;takethree;blackthread;takethis;askthem;folksongs;apublicshow/k/+破擦音:ablackjacket;/g/+摩擦音:abigfork;abigzoo;/g/+破擦音:abigjar;abigtree;4)/k,g/和另一个爆破音相邻,只是发音部位到位,即完全失去爆破(可以感觉到此音,但不闻其声)如:lagbehind;active;blackboard;bookcase;takecare;victory5)/k//在/s/音后面吐气很弱,部分浊化,如:skyskisketchschoolscoldskate/kw/在/s/音后面也部分浊化,如:squaresqueezesquatsquint(斜视)squeak英汉对比:这两个音与汉语拼音的k,g发音部位相似,但汉语拼音的k,g发音时气流不受阻碍,而且都发声。爆破音练习:比较下面单词的读音:/p-//sp-//t-//st-//k-//sk-/peakspeakteamsteamkeyskipeachspeechtillstillkillskillpairsparetartstartkinskinportsporttonestoneKateskateExercises:I.根据录音划出你所听到的单词1.a.pinb.bin2.a.petb.bet3.a.patb.bat4.a.packb.back5.a.portb.bat6.a.pearb.bear7.a.capb.cab8.a.prideb.bride9.a.toob.do10.a.tonb.done11.a.townb.down12.a.tideb.die13.a.betb.bed14.a
本文标题:辅音
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