托福基础写作讲义

托福基础写作一、托福写作概述二、英汉两种语言的区别（一）、美国人与中国人思维方式的不同。linearwayofthinking（二）、英汉句子结构的特点。英语重形和，重结构，汉语重意和,重语义。英语中常用复合句；汉语则常用短句，简单句。10Linkingwordscohesion1.conj.:1)and.but,or,so,while2)if,because,although,That,who,which,what,as---asmorethan,so---that2.inthisreason,inconclusion,forexample3.however,unfortunately,Undeniably4.tomakethingsworse5.generallyspeaking6.同义词7.repetition8.this,it,that,those9.interestingtosee10.whatismore（三）英语多变化variety(diversity)，汉语多重复。（四）英语被动句多。汉语中主动句多。三、中国学生写作最易犯的十大错误1.Nowadays,collegestudentshouldlearncompetitionandcooperation.2.Theproblemthatiscreatedbycomputersattract(draw,spark,captivate,intrigue,arouse,yield,giveriseto)muchattention.3.Inpresent-daysociety,thereareagreatmanyyoungpeoplegoabroad.4.Inmyopinion,Ithinkthatsmokingshouldbebannedinpublicplaces.5.Thecomputercannotinsteadthepivotalroleplayedbyteachersineducation.6.Somepeoplewelcomeraisingpets,othersholddifferentopinions.7.InlargecitiesofChinahasmanyfastfoodshops.8.Atcollege,weshouldlearnasmuchknowledgeaspossiblesothatwecanbewellpreparedforourfuturecareer.9.Somestudentsareinterestedinplaycomputergames.10.Youreallyhavetwodownsons.四、托福写作25分必备的100个意群词汇持某观点:claim(assert,contendreckondeemsharethebeliefthat)支持某观点:advocate(maintain,welcomevoteforsidewithbeinfavorof)反对某观点:contradict(oppose,objectto,criticize,refutebeagainstcastdoubtsonquestion,challenge)合理的：justified(sensiblefeasibleconvincingholdwaterbearmuchanalysis)好处：advantage(benefit,merit,positive(bright)side,upside,boon,pros,strength)弊端：disadvantage(harm,demerit,negative(dark)side,downside,bane,cons,weaknessdefect,flaw,drawback)肯定：undoubtedly(indeedundeniablythereisnodenyingthat)不确定：belikelyto(potentiallypresumably)重要的：essential(significant,vital,crucial,critical,fundamental,indispensable,pivotal)有益的：beneficial（conduciveinstrumental,rewarding）有害的：detrimental（harmfulvirulent）有争议的：controversial(arguable,debatabledisputable,contentious)普遍的：widespread(prevalent,universal,pervasive,ubiquitous)显著地：considerably(significantly,remarkably,Dramatically,tremendously,substantially)明显的：evident(apparent,manifest，crystal-clear)16.增强：enhance(strengthenboost)17.减少：decline(descend,collapse,relieve)18.大约：approximately（nearly,around,estimated,roughly）19.趋势：trend（tendency,inclination）20.预见：predict（expect,project）21.带来bringabout(resultin,leadto)22.引起create（spark;yield;;giveriseto）23.建立establish（found,institute）24.要求callfor（request，demand）25.去除eliminate（remove,eradicate）26.探讨explore(examine,identify)27.描绘depict(portray,illustrate)28.后果consequence(aftermath;outcome)29.足够adequate（enough;sufficient）30.解决tackle(resolve,address)31.意识awareness(consciousness)32.控制curb(regulate,censor)33.解释：accountfor（beresponsiblefor）34.投资finance(investin,subsidize)35.缓解relieve(ease,alleviate)36.压力stress(pressure,strain)37.和谐harmony(concordance)38.继承inherit(handdown)39.培养cultivate（train,foster）40.促进promote(contributeto,upgrade)41.适应adaptto(adjustto,acclimateto)42.提供provide(render,afford)43.替代replace(substitute,taketheplaceof)44.保护preserve(protect)45.证据evidence(proof)46.赢得gain(acquire,attain)47.国外的foreign(alien,exotic)48.灾难disaster(misfortune,catastrophe)49.发展advance(progress)50.倾向于tendto(beinclinedto,beaptto)51.吸引attract(allure,tempt)52.专注的beabsorbedin(beimmersedin,devoteoneselfto)53.目的是aimat(Thepurposeis)54.实现achieve(fulfill,implement)55.危害endanger(threaten;jeopardize)56.损害undermine(impair,damage)57.阻碍hinder(obstruct,impede)58.禁止forbid(ban,prohibit)59.责备blame(denounce,criticize)60.污染pollute(contaminate,stain)61.腐蚀erode(wearaway,corrode)62.欺骗deceive(cheat,defraud)63.冲突conflict(shock,tension)64.驱使prompt(spur,incite)贪婪的acquisitive(money-oriented，materialistic)自私的self-centered(selfish,inconsiderate)体谅的considerate(understanding,sympathetic)冷漠的indifferent(apathetic,aloof)奢侈的wasteful(luxurious,extravagant)残忍的inhumane(brutal,barbaric)绝望的hopeless（despairing,desperate）过分的excessive(extravagant,exorbitant)激烈的intense(fierce,vigorous)严厉的stringent(rigorous,rigid)奇怪的eccentric(odd,peculiar)难以置信的unbelievable(incredulous,virtual)惊人的extraordinary(marvelous,spectacular)有抱负的ambitious（aggressive,aspirant）固有的inherent（nature,innate）稳定的steady(stable,constant)恶化worsen(aggravate,deteriorate)夸大exaggerate(overstate)限制restrain(constrain,confine)拆除teardown（knockdown,pulldown）加速accelerate(speedup,precipitate)占优势predominate(dominate)分辨distinguish(differentiate,discern)抵消counteract(offset,cancelout)开展launch(conduct,carryout)颁布enact(enforce,promulgate)生活节奏paceoflife(rhythmoflife,tempooflife)影响influence(impact，pervade)差异difference(distinction,gap)交流communicate(exchange,associate)接触haveaccessto（makecontactwith,keepintouchwith）优先givepriorityto(put…intofirstplace)节约economize(conserve,cherish)参与participatein(takepartin,engagein)措施measure(step,action)注意beware(prevent,guardagainst)五、“十大句式”在TOEFL写作考试中的应用是否非让它假装强调比较差（插）的原因？即：否：否定句；非：非限制性定语从句；让：让步句；它：it引导的句子；假：假设句；装：倒装句；强调：强调句；比较：比较句；差（插）：插入语；原因：原因句。兹将雅思写作常用的“十大句式”简单介绍如下（下划线表示句式的基本结构）。一、否定句许多否定句不含not的否定结构。如果考生能正确使用他们，就会增加写作的闪光点，使文章显得生动活泼。1、Insteadofindulginginplayingcomputergames,childrenshouldbetaughthowtobenefitfromusefulinforma