基因概念的发展_谈家桢

(),。,。,,。,。.,—1857,.,,,,。,,11900。,,,。。,。,,,,。,A,a。Aa,,A,a,。,A,sA,,aa,。3.1。。,,,。,。,、、9,3,3`1。。,,,。,,。,,,,,,。,。—2909,(w.Jhoannsen)“”,;,,,。—,。,,。,,。,、,,()。,,,,。(T.Morga)n,,。1910,,,。。“”.106.,。,,,3:1,,,。,,,。,,。,,。,,,。,。—,,、、。,,,,,,,,XY,XX。,X。Y,X,。。,X,,,,.”。,—。,。,,。,,。,《))[,],“,”,“”,“”,.,,”。《》:“:,。”,。,,,。`.,,,“”。,“”,,。,,,,。1944,(vAeyr),(DNA)。1953,(Watson)(Criek)TDNA,DNA,。,。,,[,J。1957,(eBnezr),DNA,,。T;。,T’DNA,。,,n。1000,、,。,。,,,,,,,,。,,,nA、B`..`j`。A、B,,。,,nA、B,,,,,。,AB。,,、。。。,nA、B,,。,。A(,,b),,((、ab、_,.___,___.`_:J,,,A,。ab,。,。—。DNA。,,。,,,。,—。,,,。,。“”,DNA。,,,,。,,,。—,、,,。。1961,(Jaeob)(Monod)。,、。,,,,。,,RNA,。,.108.,。,,,,,,。,2,1),,。,2、3,。。,,,。。,,,,。,,,RNA,。,。,,。,st].。,,、,,,、,。,,。,,,,,,。:,、,,,,。1.DNA。’1.J,[’]。7501x〕,。、,、,。100~300,DNA,,40%。,GC,,DNADNA。,s[].,tRNA、rRNA,。,。RNA,RNA,DNA,DNA。DNA(HnRNA),DNA。HllRNA,10,000~20,,mRNA5~10%,mRNA,HIRNA,mRNA。,[’1,HnRNA。1975,(Holliday)[,],,,“”。s[J,《Jone(rPosser)[`],nIDNA,。DNA,,,。《itetn),,。,18srRNA28SrRNA,。,18SrRNA28SrRNA450。ssrRNA,240X(),。18srRNA28srRNA,100,750。1016srRNA,4ssrRNA。,,rKNA。rRNA,。,,。2.。,DNA,、“”DNA。,,.[]。221973,(q.Wieenr)q(RNA》,。,,400。,,,e,。3%。,,。,,“”(adhtorugh),“”。,“”,。1977,(Sanger)tTX174DNAS,375。,200.,250,。。l0[〕X1749,。。,BA,ED,。。D,J。G4DNA,DNA,。1978,SV4ODNA,VIP,VP:VP:,Tt,,tT,ll[.]?,,,。(Rich),。(lPatO(Yanofskv)mRNA,。(Yates)(Nomura),,,。(Das)DNA,p。p,p,,p、,109。,p。。,,,、DNA。3.,DNA·,DNA,,mRNA。,mRNADNAc(DN),,、mRNAl[,]。1977,(ad2).RNA,DNA。adZDNA。Zxlo,,3040。mRNA,DNA,。“”,,,,。“”,7“”。SV40mRNA,。(Weismann)(lAoni)[’,],。“”。mRNA,—mRNA。,。,`mRNA,mRNA“”。rDNA,28SrDNA18SrDNA,285185,285,5,4。mRNAcDNA333bP,Haeln。,Hae,,。,、、、、,101~120,600。(hCambon)RNA(1,730)cDNA,。,cDNAHind111、EcoRI,、cDNA110,,mRNA,DNA,l[’]。,。,。mRNA,。。,,,,。,。1978,〔“〕,,,mRNA、10~10“,(“intron,);“”(“extron”)。“”DNA“”510,“”。,。4.“”,,,。,“”[16]。(trasnposition),(tarsnlocaiton),,,,。,,DNA,。(sI),sI“”。,sI,,。,,“”。15700140(),“”。is,10”,IS。,。151100~1000。151,151,,,。(tarsnopson)。,J,,11l’llǐDNA,,,。,_(15)。TnARP`,,4,800。〔”J,。,,X。DNA,,15,DNA,,。,“”“”DNA。1956,(MeClintoek),“”。,。,。cADs()、sPm()。,,,。,〔16o]“”DNA,,,,,。,,。、`:`,,,,。,,,,、,、DNA,,,,,,,,,、。,:(l),,DNA22(RNA)。(2)DNA。(3)、,、,。(4),,。,、。,,。、,,,,。,。.〔11T.H..,t,,,(1959)[21’I’aylorJ.H.,d.,ltet,dl,rCe,,。t:,AeademicPrcss,(1965)【31J...,《’,(1977)[4]SaundorsG.F.,inA。fnBioogl、ala,d.dcalPJi“,V.15,AeademicPress,(1974)〔51SmithKeayrP.F.,ttSructand`-TheMacIillanPrcss,(1974)[6]GcorgievG.P.al.,Biochi,.Bi0P.cat-259,(1972),259;PaulJ.,。r,238,(1972),444;DavidsonE.H.,tal.,aC,:cerR“.,34,(1974),2034[71HollidayR.al.,cSnc,,187,(975),4173〔81SnlithG.P.,cSnce,191,(1976),528[91KolataG.B.,cS。,196,(19),1187[101BarrellB.G.etal.,tu。,264,(1976),34;SangerF.etal.,aNturt,265,(1977),687;SmithM.`tal.,Na“er,265,(1977),703[11]FiersW.al.,aNtuer,273,(1975),113;RdyV.B.al.,cSc。,200,(1978),494[12]MaxrG.L.,cSce,197,(1977),853〔131aSnbrookG.,zuer,268,(977),104;AloniY.etal.,Pmc.t.A`ad.cSi.,74,(1977),3686;FlintG.,Qll,10,(1977),153[141WilliamsonB.,Natuer,270,(977),295;Jeff-creysA.J.al.,Qll,12,(1977),097:HoumiN.etal.,`.t.Ara.cSi.S」,73,(1976),3628;RabbittsT.H.“al,,011,13,(1978),319;BreathnachR.e`1.,tuer,270,(1977),324;GapinA.C.otal.,Nat。。,3,(1978),349[15]GilbertW.,Natu。,271,(1978),5645[16]KolataG.B.,cSnce,193,(1976),392;RorsG.,NecSie)tt,75,(1977),536[171Cohen5.N.,Natu,263,(1976),731[15]Ne;esp.e`al.,Natuer,2,(977),566.111-