Macroeconomics宏观经济学(南开大学,龚刚)

MacroeconomicEditedbyCweikai-1-MacroeconomicsInstructors：Gong,GangOffice:1011,SchoolofEconomics,NankaiUniversityContact：[e-mail],022-23494048CoursesPre-requested:PoliticalEconomics，IntermediateMicroeconomicsCourseDescriptionMacroeconomicsisthemostdisputed,confused,yetexcitedfieldineconomics.Thiscourseintroducesyouhoweconomiststhinkaboutthosemacroeconomicproblemssuchasinflation,unemploymentandrecession,andhowmacroeconomicpoliciescouldbeusedtoresolvetheseproblems.Wewillfindthateconomistsmaygiveyoudifferentanswers.Yetbehindtheirdifferentanswersisthedifferenceintheframeworkofmacroeconomicanalysis.Thefirstobjectiveofthiscourseisthustointroduceyoutwomajorframeworksinmacroeconomicanalysis:theKeynesianmacroeconomicsandtheNeoorNewClassicalmacroeconomics.Sinceatheoryineconomicscanbevalidonlywithincertaininstitutionalenvironment,thesecondobjectiveofthiscourseisthustoconcernhowandtowhatextentthestandardmacroeconomictheoriescanbeappliedtothecurrentChineseeconomy.Textbooks龚刚（2005）：宏观经济学：中国经济的视角，清华大学出版社Blanchard,O.:Macroeconomics，PrenticeHall，Inc（MostRecentVersion）。ExamandGradingTherewillbeafinalexamthatwillbetakeninclass.Homeworkisimportantandshouldbetypedforsubmission.Yourfinalgradewillbeaccountedonyourattendanceandyourinvolvementintheclassdiscussion(5%),homework(20%)andfinalexam(75%).OutlinePartI:IntroductionLecture1:TheMacroeconomicsasaScienceLecture2:TheMacroeconomicDataandVariablesLecture3:TechniquePreparation:DiscreteTimeDynamicSystemLecture4:TheoreticalPreparation:NeoclassicalEconomicsReviewandCritiquePartII:BasicKeynesianMacroeconomicsLecture5:TheProductMarketAnalysisLecture6:TheMoneyMarketAnalysisLecture7:TheIS-LMModelLecture8:LaborMarketAnalysisLecture9:ThePriceandInflationAnalysisMacroeconomicEditedbyCweikai-2-Lecture10:TheAggregateDemandandAggregateSupplyModelLecture11:MacroeconomicPolicyinDemandManagementPartIII:BeyondtheBasicKeynesianMacroeconomicsLecture12:RequestforMicro-foundation:ABehaviorAnalysisonConsumptionandOutputDeterminationLecture13:SupplyShock,StagflationandExpansionaryDeflationLecture14:TheClassicalandNeoclassicalModelsofEconomicGrowthLecture15:TheNewGrowthTheoryLecture16:FurtherTopicsonMonetaryTheoremandMonetaryPolicyLecture17:FurtherTopicsonGovernmentDebtandFiscalPolicyLecture18:FurtherTopicsonEconomicGrowthinChinaMacroeconomicEditedbyCweikai-3-LLeeccttuurree11MMaaccrrooeeccoonnoommiiccssaassaaSScciieenncceeI.WhatisMacroeconomics?WhatisEconomics？NormativeDefinition:•Economicsisthesciencethatstudieshowtoefficientlyallocateeconomicresources(whatshouldwedo?).PositiveDefinition:•Economicsisthesciencethatstudieshowaneconomyoperatesorhoweconomicvariablesaredeterminedunderthegiveneconomicenvironment(whathappen?).Afterwehaveunderstoodwhatiseconomics,thedifferencebetweenmicro-andmacro-economics(intermsofpositivedefinition)becomesclear:Microeconomicsisthestudyofhowmicroeconomicvariables(suchthepriceandoutputofindividualproduct)aredetermined;Macroeconomicsisthestudyofhowmacroeconomicvariables(suchasGDP,employment,inflationamongothers)aredetermined.II.IndividualBehaviorEconomicvariablesaredeterminedbythechoiceofindividuals(firms,householdsandgovernment),andthereforestudyingindividualbehavioristhestartingpointofeconomicanalysis.BasicHypothesisonIndividualBehaviorSelfish•Allindividualswhenengagingintheireconomicactivities,pursuetheirownandonlytheirowninterest.Rational•Allindividualsbehaveoptimally.AdamSmith’s“invisiblehand”dogma.III.EconomicEnvironmentThoughindividualsareselfishandrational,theirchoicesareconstrainedbytheeconomicenvironmenttheyarestaying.EconomicEnvironmentmayatleastbedistinguishedintermsofdirection:Theeconomicsystem:marketeconomyversusplanningeconomy;Theavailableresource:lessdevelopedeconomyversusdevelopedeconomy.IV.EconomicSystemMacroeconomicEditedbyCweikai-4-Economicsystemcanbrieflybedistinguishedintermsofthesystemofenterprises(largelydependsonownership);themechanismofresourceallocation(planningmechanismandmarketmechanism).Howeconomicsystemcanimpacttheindividualbehavior?Objective(mainlythefirm?)topursue(profit,marketshare,politicalinterest….)Question：Isthereanissueregardingsuitabilitybetweenthesetworespectsofeconomicsystem?Ifyes,whatkindofenterprisesystemmaynotbesuitabletothemarketeconomy?Canyouimageotherelementswithregardtoeconomicenvironment?V.TheAvailableEconomicResourceWhatistheeconomicresource？NaturalresourceTheresourcecreatedbyeconomicactivities（e.g.fixedassets);Theresourcewhichisuntouchable(e.g.humancapital,knowledgecapital);Resourcescanbecreatedbutalsocanbedestructed.经济资源与南北差别从个人角度讲，贫富差别最重要原因是个人所拥有的资源的差别。从国家角度讲，人均所拥有的资源决定了该国的经济发展水平。•发展中国家与发达国家•中国地大物博吗？当人们拥有更多资源时，其经济活动的行为选择空间就会更大，从而其经济活动的效益及生活品质就会更好。经济的发展过程实际上可以看成是经济资源不断累积的过程。VI.经济学分析框架之三部曲经济学分析框架的三部曲MacroeconomicEditedbyCweikai-5-上述关于现代经济学研究方法和分析框架的讨论基本上可以概括为一个三步曲：界定经济环境；确定经济人行为目标：反映自私和理性；分析经济运行：得出众多经济人各种经济行为的综合表现。几点说明：上述三步曲应该说是经济学分析的标准范式，任何合理的经济学分析都应该遵循这样一种范式。当然，合理的经济学分析并不意味着合格。按所研究的内容、读者对象和严谨性要求的不同，具体的研究过程有可能极为复杂。例如，为了完成这三步曲，经济学家们可能会建立数学模型，借用一定的数学工具来进行分析，