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StudyonAmericanCorporation’sCompetitivenessExceedingthatofJapaneseCorporation美国企业竞争力超过日本企业之探究ProfessorMaoYunshiSunYat-SenUniversitySignalsandtrendsofReversal倒转的信号与趋势Firstreversaloccurredin1992:IntelsucceededNECandbecametheworld’slargestsemiconductormanufacturer.最先倒转出现在1992年:美国英特尔公司取代日本NEC成为世界最大的半导体制造商。In1994,theU.S.hadregainedoverwhelmingadvantageinglobalmarketonvarioushi-techfields:newgenerationcomputerchips,software,latestPCsandnetworktechnology,mobilecommunication,HighDefinitionTelevision(HDTV)andBiotechnology.Atpresent,informationindustryaccountsfor40%to50%ofGDPinU.S.1994年,在新一代计算机芯片、软件,新型计算机和网络技术,移动通讯,高清晰度电视以及生物等高技术领域,美国在国际市场已占全面优势。现在,美国信息产业产值约占GDP的40—50%I.1980s:Japanesecorporation’scompetitivenessexceededthatofAmericancorporationandbecamenumberoneoftheworld20世纪80年代日本企业竞争力超过美国,居于世界首位•Accordingtothe1992WorldCompetitivenessExecutiveSummaryReportofWEFandIMD,Japanesecorporation’scompetitivenessandJapan’sworldcompetitivenessasawholebecamenumberoneintheworldandbothmaintainedasthechampionsfornearlytenyears.世界经济论坛和国际管理开发学院在1992年关于世界竞争力的比较总结报告中认为,20世纪80年代以来,日本企业竞争力与日本的国际竞争力(总体)开始位居世界第一位,并保持了近十年之久。•Table1describestheworldcompetitivenessoftheUnitedStatesandJapanfromtheearly1980stotheearly1990s.表1显示了这一现象。Table1:TheworldcompetitivenessoftheUnitedStatesandJapan美日企业国际竞争力(总体)排名演变(1981—1992)OriginalSource:WorldEconomicForum,IMDTheWorldCompetitivenessReport,1992Source:LiFei,TheoryofBusinessGroup:JapaneseBusinessGroup,TianjinPeople’sPress,July1994,P32YearCountry1981198319851987199019911992Japan1131111U.S.3312325Japancansay‘No’(abook)日本可以说不•February3rd,1992,PrimeMinisterKiichiMiyazawa:“RegardingAmericanworkhabits,Ihavelongthoughtthattheworkethicislackingasfarasthatareaisconcerned.”•1992年2月3日本首相官泽喜一:“美国工人已到了缺乏劳动道德的地步。”•Ex-InternationalTrade-IndustryMinisterofJapan:“Americanworkerareverylazy,Americanenterprisesarelackofcompetitiveness.”•日本前通产大臣:“美国工人懒惰,美国企业没有竞争力After1993,GM,Ford,Chrysler,IBMandSearshadgraduallymadeupthedeficitsandgotsurpluses,aswellasincreasedtheirsales.紧接着,1993年后,美国的通用、福特、克莱斯勒三大汽车公司、IBM、西尔斯也先后扭亏为盈,且销量增长……ViewsofPorterandAkioMorita•MichaelE.Porter:CanJapancompete?波特的观点:日本还有竞争力吗?•AkioMoritafromSony:“Japanesemanufacturingindustryhasrealizedhighproductivityandhighproductqualitythroughadvancedtechnology.Butitisfacingsevereinternationalchallenge,asamongallindustrializedcountries,workersinJapanesemanufacturingindustryhavetoworkforthelongesthoursyetnotnecessarilygetthehighestpayment.Atthesametime,thesalarylevelofJapanesemanagersaremuchlowercomparedtotheirAmericancounterparts.”索尼的盛田昭夫在《文艺春秋》1992年第二期文章引起很大轰动。文章提出疑问:“日本制造业通过先进技术实现了高劳动生产率和产品的高质量。面临强大的国际竞争压力,在所有工业化国家中,日本制造业工人的工作时间最长。然而,劳动报酬却不一定很高,并且管理人员的收入要比美国管理人员的收入低得多”。•ThelastchanceofJapan•Thelosing1990sII.IndicatorsofthereversaloftheAmericanandJapanesecorporation’scompetitivenessin1990s:20世纪90年代美日企业竞争力逆转之表现1.EvolvementoftheAmericanandJapanesecorporation’scompetitivenessaccordingtotheWorldCompetitivenessYearbook《世界竞争力年鉴》中美企业排名演变2.EvolvementoftheAmericanandJapanesecorporation’scompetitivenessaccordingtotheTop100largestmultinationalsintheworldandTop500世界500强中美日企业入选数量的变化3.TheineptJapaneseeconomydrovemorebusinessesintobankruptcy日本经济复苏缓慢,企业破产加剧4.ThedescendingofJapanesemanufacturer’scompetitivenessweakenedwithsomeseriousproductqualityfailures日本制造业竞争力下降1.EvolvementoftheAmericanandJapanesecorporation’scompetitivenessaccordingtotheWorldCompetitivenessYearbook《世界竞争力年鉴》中美日企业排名演变Table2:TheEvolvementoftheAmericanandJapaneseCorporations’Competitiveness(1992-1998)表2美日企业国际竞争力演变(1992—1998)•OriginalSource:IMD,TheWorldCompetitivenessYearbook,1996and1998•Source:TheFormerResearchInstituteofChinaNationalStructuralReformingCommittee,ChinaGlobalCompetitivenessDevelopmentReport(1999),Beijing,ChinaRenminUniversityPress,1999,P143YearCountry1992199319941995199619971998Japan11122724U.S.141411610312.EvolvementoftheAmericanandJapanesecorporation’scompetitivenessaccordingtothetop100largestmultinationalsintheworldandTop500世界500强中美日企业入选数量的变化Table3NumberofAmericanandJapaneseCorporationslistedontheGlobal500表31990年以来世界100强中美日企业的数量变化情况(1990—1998)Source:FortuneMagazine根据美国《财富》杂志各年度统计CountryYearU.SJapan199016411119921611281993159135199415114919951531411996162126199717511219981851003.TheineptJapaneseeconomydrovemorebusinessesintobankruptcy日本经济复苏缓慢,企业破产加剧•From1992Japaneseeconomyshiftedintosluggishgrowthwithprolongedcollapseincommodityprice,accelerationoftheappreciationofJapaneseYenandheightenedcompetitionamongnewtechnologies.日本经济步入萧条和低成长时期,企业经营环境也发生深刻变化,如经济萧条趋于长期化,国内市场需求低迷不振,商品价格持续下降,日元升值速度加快,新技术竞争日益激烈等。•In1992theaveragereturnofJapanesebusinessesdecreased25%andin1993itfellanother24%.1992年日本企业收益下降25%,1993年下降24%•NumerousJapanesebigcorporationshaveturnedintoamesssincetheearly1990s:heavydebtburden,marketshareloss,highbudgetdeficit,businessslowdown,someevenbeingmergedbyothercorporations.90年代初以来日本许多大企业经营不佳,或负债累累,或丧失市场,或赤字高居不下,经营持续衰退,有些甚至为其它企业所兼并。•In1993fivesteelgiants--KawasakiSteel,SumitomoFinancialIndustry,KobeiSteel,NKK,Shinnitetsuhadatotaldeficitof275.3billionJapaneseYen.电子业“五巨头”日立、东芝、三菱电机公司、NEC和富士通公司发生赤
本文标题:美国企业竞争力超过日本企业之探究(中英)
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