最新西方文明史精品课件westerncivilization3

Chapter15THEEXPERIENCEOFLIFEINEARLYMODERNEUROPE.1500-1650Thevisualrecord:Haymaking.PieterBruegel1565LowcountriesChurch,severalgenerations.steeple,stainedglass,archeddoorwaysJoysandsorrows,triumphsandfailures1.Economiclife1.1.Rurallife90%,villagesthebedrockofthesixteenth-centurythemanor,thelandedestateofalordincludingthehouseonittheparish,alocalchurchcommunity,priestSelf-sufficient.Rent,taxes,tithes,payatenthofone'sincome,especiallytothechurchHouseholdHungerandcoldWoodhomes,roofedinthatch,straworreedsAstonehearth,woodenchest,tableandstools,alongbenchRelianceonagricultureThegreatplain,thebreadbasket,lowcountriestoPoland-LithuaniaRyeandbarleythestaple,beerMediterranean,grapesandolives,Lords,manor.Order,justice1.2.TownlifeWagespaidforhoursTheheartofcommerceAnofficialguildstructure.InterdependenceTheworkforceBaking,brewing,clothmanufacturePieceworkhandicraftMidwives,nursing,prostitution,brothelsandpublicbathhousesFirstgreatepidemicofvenerealdiseaseDomesticservice1.3.EconomicchangePopulationincreasedone–third,105millionPriceRevolution,500%inflationinagriculturalproductsSpanishtownSeville,99-yearleasesLandlesspoor.ThewesternEuropefacedacrisisofsubsistence2.Sociallife2.1.SocialconstructsHierarchytrade:master,journeymen,apprenticeStatus,rank,title.BowingandhatdoffingGreatChainofBeingastrict,religioushierarchicalstructureofallmatterandlife,decreedbyGod.startsfromGodandprogressesdownwardtoangels,demons(fallen/renegadeangels),stars,moon,kings,princes,nobles,commoners,wildanimals,domesticatedanimals,trees,otherplants,preciousstones,preciousmetals,andotherminerals.aconceptderivedfromPlato,Aristotle,FurtherdevelopedduringtheMiddleAges,reachedfullexpressioninearlymodernNeoplatonism.BodyPolitic,anothermetaphorHead-King,soul-church,arms-nobles,hand-artisans,feet-peasants2.2.SocialstructureBritishmonarchThecoatofarmsofafamily,town,ororganizationisaspecialdesignintheformofashieldthattheyuseasasymboloftheiridentity.DenmarkBerlinHapsburgRoyalandnobleranksEmperor,King,Queen,Monarch,Lord,Caesar,Tsar/Tsarina,Prince/PrincessDuck/DuchessMarquis/Marchioness[mɑrʃə'nɛs]Earl,Count/countess['kaʊntəs]Viscount['vaɪkaʊnt]/ViscountessBaron/BaronessNoble,AristocratKnightCommonerInEngland,thepeeragewasdefinedasallthosewhoweresummonedtotheHouseofLords.Wealthguildmembers,gentrycouldbecomeknight,arankjustbelownoblestatus,nothereditary,therighttohaveacoatofarmsIneasternandcentralEuropethecrownswereelectiveratherthanhereditarySocialchangeTheNewRich.Tax,office,lawsurpassfromlandholding.ClamoredforprivilegesTheNewPoor.Deservingpoor,identitycard.tax,thepoorratePovertyandcrime2.3.PeasantRevoltsLordsandpeasants,leaderswereliterateCapitalcrimetokingwildgameEnclosure1514Hungary,acrusade-revolt.GermanPeasants’WarTwelveArticlesofthePeasantsofSwabiaDeathtaxes3.PrivateAndCommunityLife3.1.FamilyWomenmarried25,menslightlylater3.2.communitiesIdentitiesandCustomstwoforcestiedthecommunitytogether:thelordandthepriestAnnualperambulation.awalkaroundaterritory(aparishormanororforestetc.)inordertoofficiallyassertandrecorditsboundariesCeremonialprocessions.Saint’sdaysWeddingandFestivalsmarriageinthestreet.Christmas,Easter.Carnival.AllHallows’Eve3.3.PopularBeliefsandthePersecutionofWitchesPreliteratesociety.Magician,Alchemist,astrologer.TheWatchCrazetheWitchHammer.Sorcerers,wizards100,00burned,strangled,drowned,orbeheadedChapter16theroyalstateintheseventeenthcenturyThevisualrecord:VersaillesThegreatestpalace.grandeurofLouisXIV5000people,12,000horses,hundredsofcarriagesTheofficialreceiptsburnedKingdinedinpublicVersaillesstandsasanaptsymbolofitsage:agaudymasktohidethewrinklesoftheroyalstate.Ifsomethingisgaudy,itisverybrightlycoloredandshowy1.Theriseoftheroyalstate1.1.DevinKingsCapitalcities:Madrid,London,ParisMonarchywasglorified.FrancisBacon1561-1626wrotethehistoryofHenryⅦ,founderoftheTudordynastyAperiodofrenaissance:Poets,Playwrights,historians,philosophersgravitatedtotheEnglishcourtShakespeareandkingship156-1616Theking’splayers,receivedroyalpatronageRuler’spersonalitybroughtharmMacbeth:ambition,Hamlet:irresolutionhisfamoussoliloquywhichbeginsTobeornottobe;thatisthequestion.Soliloquyspeakstohimselforherselfandtotheaudience,FrancisBacon1561–1626Knowledgeispower.Ageappearstobebestinfourthings;oldwoodbesttoburn,oldwinetodrink,oldfriendstotrust,andoldauthorstoread.Readingmakethafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.FourTragedies:Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,MacbethFourcomedies:TheTamingoftheShrew;AMidsummerNight'sDream;TwelfthNight;TheTempest,TheMerchantofVenice,=0OiDtHqOe-EKennethBranagh“Benotafeard;theisleisfullofnoises,Sounds,andsweetairs,thatgivedelightandhurtnot.SometimesathousandtwanglinginstrumentsWillhumaboutmineears;andsometimevoices,That,ifIthenhadwakedafterlongsleep,Willmakemesleepagain:andthen,indreaming,Thecloudsmethoughtwouldopen,andshowrichesReadytodropuponme;that,whenIwaked,Icriedtodreamagain.”―WilliamShakespeare,TheTempestMonarchyandlawDivinerightofKings.KingJamesⅠofEnglishGodhadplacedkingsonearthtoruleTheC