学术英语(社科)_Unit 5

学术英语社科AcademicEnglishforSocialSciences5SociologyMattersCulturesallsharecertainbasiccharacteristicsdespitedifferences.Inthisunitwewillseehowthosecharacteristicschangeasculturesdevelop,andhowculturesinfluenceoneanotherthroughtheirtechnological,commercial,andartisticachievements.Unit5SociologyMattersUnitContentsTextATextBListeningSpeakingWritingLead-inTextCLead-inTaskReadthefirstparagraphofthetext.WorkinpairsandwritedowntwoexamplesofthedevelopmentofcultureinChina.1_____________________________________________2_____________________________________________Unit5SociologyMatters•TextA–Criticalreadingandthinking–Difficultsentences–Groupdiscussion–Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose•Collocations•Signpostlanguage•FormalEnglishUnit5SociologyMattersTextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextATextAnalysisAnalyzingthetextbyexplainingkeyterms1Culturethetotalityoflearned,sociallytransmittedcustoms,knowledge,materialobjects,andbehaviorUnit5SociologyMattersTextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextATextAnalysis2Culturaluniversalsadaptationstomeetessentialhumanneeds,suchaspeople’sneedforfood,shelter,andclothinge.g.athleticsports,cooking,funeralceremonies,medicine,andsexualrestrictions(AnthropologistGeorgeMurdock)(Para.2)Unit5SociologyMattersTextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextATextAnalysistheprocessofintroducinganewideaorobjecttoaculture:1)discovery:makingknownorsharingtheexistenceofsomeaspectofrealitye.g.thefindingoftheDNAmolecule;identificationofanewmoonofSaturn(Para.5)2)invention:aninventionresultswhenexistingculturalitemsarecombinedintoaformthatdidnotexistbefore.e.g.thebowandarrow,automobile,theInternet(Para.5)3InnovationUnit5SociologyMattersTextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextATextAnalysis4Globalizationtheworldwideintegrationofgovernmentpolicies,cultures,socialmovements,andfinancialmarketsthroughtradeandtheexchangeofidease.g.StarbucksinChina(Para.6)Unit5SociologyMattersTextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextATextAnalysis5Diffusiontheprocessbywhichaculturalitemspreadsfromgrouptogrouporsocietytosociety.e.g.Diffusioncanoccurthroughavarietyofmeans:exploration,militaryconquest,missionarywork,theinfluenceorthemassmedia,tourism,andtheInternet.(Para.7)Unit5SociologyMattersTextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextATextAnalysis6McDonaldizationtheprocessthroughwhichtheprinciplesofthefast-foodrestauranthavecometodominatecertainsectorsofsociety,bothintheUnitedStatesandthroughouttheworldUnit5SociologyMattersTextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextAMcDonaldizationisassociatedwiththemeltingofcultures.Examples:InJapan:Africanentrepreneurshavefoundathrivingmarketforhip-popfashionspopularizedbyteensintheUnitedStates.(Para.9)InAustria:theMcDonald’sorganizationhasdrawnonAustrians’loveofcoffee,cake,andconversationtocreatetheMcCafefast-foodchain.(Para.9)Unit5SociologyMattersTextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextAInsomesocieties,McDonaldizationhasmetresistancetotheinvasionoftoomuchculturefromothercountries.Examples:InCanada:35%ofastation’sdaytimeradioprogrammingisrequiredbedevotedtoCanadiansongsorartists.(Para.10)InBrazil:Barbie’spopularityhasbeeneclipsedbySusi,adollthatlooksmorelikeBraziliangirls.(Para.10)Unit5SociologyMattersTextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextATextAnalysis7Technologyculturalinformationabouthowtousethematerialresourcesoftheenvironmenttosatisfyhumanneedsanddesirese.g.Technologyhasincreasedthespeedofculturaldiffusionandbroadenedthedistributionofculturalelements.(Para.11)Unit5SociologyMattersTextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextATextAnalysis8Materialculturethephysicalortechnologicalaspectsofourdailylives,includingfooditems,houses,factories,andrawmaterialsUnit5SociologyMattersTextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextATextAnalysis9Nonmaterialculturewaysofusingmaterialobjectsandcustoms,beliefs,philosophies,governments,andpatternsofcommunicationItismoreresistanttochangethanmaterialculture.Unit5SociologyMattersTextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextATextAnalysis10Culturallagtheperiodofmaladjustmentwhenthenonmaterialcultureisstillstrugglingtoadapttonewmaterialconditionse.g.theethicsofusingtheInternet,suchasissuesconcerningprivacyandcensorship(Para.12)Unit5SociologyMattersTextADifficultsentences•TheculturalpracticeslistedbyMurdockmaybeuniversal,butthemannerinwhichtheyareexpressedvariesfromculturetoculture.(Para.3)→TheseculturalpracticesinMurdock’slistarecommontomanysocieties,butthesepracticesarecarriedoutinwaysthatdiffergreatlyamongdifferentcultures.Unit5SociologyMattersTextADifficultsentences•Eachgeneration,andeachyearforthatmatter,mosthumancultureschangeandexpandthroughtheprocessesofinnovationanddiffusion.(Para.4)→‘Forthatmatter’isusedtoshowthatastatementistrueinanothersituation.Hereitemphasizesthefactthathumancultureschangerapidly.Unit5SociologyMattersTextADifficultsentences•Today,moreandmoreculturalexpressionsandpracticesarecrossingnationalborders,transformingthetraditionsandcustomsofthesocietiesexposedtothem.(Para.7)→Todayculturalexpressionsandpracticesofdifferentcountriesareinfluencingeachother.Hencethetraditionsandcustomsofmanysocietiesarechangedunderthe