翻译理论与实践(DOC)

ChapterTwo:Translation:TheoryandPracticePart1．UnderstandingofTranslation1.Definitionoftranslation:Definitionsofpropertranslatingarealmostnumerousandvariedasthepersonswhohaveundertakentodiscussthesubject.Thisdiversityisinasensequiteunderstandable;fortherearevastdifferencesinthematerialstranslated,inthepurposesofthepublication,andintheneedsoftheprospectiveaudience.Moreover,livelanguagesareconstantlychangingandstylisticpreferencesundergocontinualmodification.Thusatranslationacceptableinoneperiodisoftenquiteunacceptableatalattertime.(EugeneNida)Translationistheexpressioninonelanguage(ortargetlanguage)ofwhathavebeenexpressedinanother,sourcelanguage,preservingsemanticandstylisticequivalence.(Dubois.J.etal)Translationiscraftconsistingintheattempttoreplaceawrittenmessageand/orstatementinonelanguagebythesamemessageand/orstatementinanotherlanguage.(PeterNewmark)翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。（张培基）把已说出或写出的话的意思用另一种语言表达出来的活动。（季羡林、许国璋）翻译是将一种语言文字所蕴含的意思用另外一种语言文字表达出来的文化活动。（王克非）2.Translationprinciples:A.F.Tytler’sthreelawsoftranslation:1)Thetranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork.2)Thestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterwiththatoftheoriginal.3)Thetranslationshouldhavealltheease(流畅自然)oftheoriginal.严复：信达雅Faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance.The“threecharacterguide”isregardedasaplumb-linetomeasuretheprofessionalleveloftranslating.傅雷：神似Spiritualconformity.Emphasizingthereproductionofthespiritortheflavoroftheoriginal.钱钟书：化境Sublimedadaptation.Focusonthetranslator’ssmoothandidiomaticChineseversionforthesakeoftheChinesereader.刘重德：信、达、切Faithfulness/expressiveness/closeness.Part2:AccomplishmentsofTranslators1.Roleoftranslator:A.Communicator（沟通者）Thetranslator,astheexpertcommunicator,isatthecrucialcenterofalongchainofcommunicationfromoriginalinitiatortoultimatereceiverofamessage:ahumanlinkacrossaculturalfrontier.（Schaffner)译者作为沟通专家，处于信息始发者与信息接受者这个长长交际链的关键中心位置，是穿越文化疆界的人性连接纽带。B.Negotiator（谈判者）Thetranslatorisengagedinnegotiatingwiththesourcetextinordertodetermineitsmeaning,mostofwhichisovert,althoughmuchisalwayscovert.Atranslatormustalsonegotiatewiththelanguageofthetargetaudienceinordertoarriveattheclosestnaturalequivalent.译者是在与原文谈判与协商，以便确定其意义(意义虽大体上显而易见，但也有相当部分并非一眼就能看出）。译者还得与目标语谈判与协商，以便取得最自然的对等。C.Mediator（斡旋者）Mostobviously,thetranslatorhasnotonlyabilingualabilitybutalsoabi-culturalvision.Translatorsmediatebetweencultures(includingideologies,moralsystemsandsocio-politicalstructures),seekingtoovercomethoseincompatibilitieswhichstandinthewayoftransferofmeaning.显而易见，译者不仅具备双语能力，而且具有跨文化视角。译者在不同文化（包括意识形态、道德体系和社会政治结构）之间进行斡旋，努力克服那些妨碍意义转移的诸多不相容的因素。2.Basicrequirementsfortranslator:1).Thefirstandmostobviousrequirementofanytranslatoristhathehasasatisfactoryknowledgeofthesourcelanguage.Rather,hemustunderstandnotonlytheobviouscontentofthemessage,butthesubtletiesofmeaning,thesignificantvaluesofwords,andthestylisticfeatureswhichdeterminethe“flavorandfeel”ofthemessage.2).Evenmoreimportantisacompletecontrolofthereceptorlanguage.Certainlythemostnumerousandseriouserrorsmadebytranslatorsariseprimarilyfromtheirlackofthoroughknowledgeofthereceptorlanguage.3).Itisonethingtoknowalanguageingeneralandanothertohaveaspecialknowledgeofaparticularsubject.Thetranslatormusthaveathoroughacquaintancewiththesubjectmatterconcerned.4).Evenifthetranslatorpossessedallthenecessarytechnicalknowledge,heisnotreallycompetentunlesshehasalsoatrulyempatheticspirit(同感).Thetranslatormusthavethegiftofmimicry(模仿),thecapacitytoacttheauthor’spart,impersonatinghisdemeanor,speech,andways,withtheutmostverisimilitude(逼真).Part3:LinguisticDifferencebetweenEnglishandChinese1.英语重结构，汉语重语义:Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonalitychips,computerswithinbuiltpersonalitieswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthantools,relaxationwillbeinfrontofsmelltelevision,anddigitalagewillhavearrived.译文：孩子们可以和装有性格芯片的娃娃一起玩耍；内嵌性格装置的电脑将被视作人们工作上的伙伴而不仅仅是工具；休闲时，电视机还能满足人们嗅觉感官的需求——那时，数码时代就已经到来了。2.英语多长句，汉语多短句：Interestinhistoricalmethodshadarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.译文：人们对历史研究方法产生了兴趣，这与其说是因为外部对历史作为一门知识学科的有效性提出了挑战，还不如说是因为历史学家内部发生了争吵。3.英语多从句，汉语多分句Onthewholesuchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidencebutonlyifthechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherwithwhomheiscompared,andonlyifhewasnotpunishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichtheypossessed.译文：总的来说，得出这样一个结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他相比的另一个孩子的态度相同；他也没有因缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。4.英语多代词，汉语多名词Therewillbetelevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots,andcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend.译文：届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视访谈节目及装有污染监测器的汽车。一旦这些汽车污染超标（或违规），监测器就会使其停驶。5.英语多被动，汉语多主动Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbynomeansbecomparedwiththeseprocesses,andthattheyhavetoberequiredbyasortofspecialtraining.译文：许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维活动相比，认为这些思维活动必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。6.英语多变化，汉语多重复Themonkey'smostextraordinaryaccomplishmentwaslearningtooperateatractor.Bytheageofnine,themonke