高级英语第二册第三课背景知识

AdvancedEnglishBookTwoUnit3PubTalkandtheKing’sEnglishBackgroundKnowledge4.StructureofthetextMainidea:Thewriterresumedtothetopicofhowtomakeagoodconversation.Mainidea:Whatisandwhatmakesagoodconversation.PartIII:Para.18-21PartII:Para.4-17PartI:Para.1-3Para.4-11:Thetopic“theking’sEnglish”wasdiscussedunwaresduringapubtalk.GlobalReadingPara.12-17:Studyorreflectionsdoneabouttheking’sorqueen’sEnglish.Elementsofagoodconversationalist?BaneofConversation---focusononeparticulartopic---alwaysinterruptothersorarguestubbornly---dominatethetopicandtheconversation---imposeonotherstoacceptyourideasoropinions---talkative,self-centered---don’tliketobeagoodlistenerHowtobecomeagoodconversationalist?Whileonefaultwillmakeapersonabadconversationalist,onevirtuewillnotmakehimagoodone.Hemustpossessmanyqualities,someofthemhavingtodowithcharacter,somewithintellect,andsomewithtraining.Conversationisoftwobasictypes:Type1:Conversationforitsownsake(generalconversation)aims:CompanionshipTheexchangeofideasEntertainmentType2:ConversationforsomeotherpurposesPoliticians,preachers,salesmen,lobbyists,etc.practicethistype.TipsforGeneralConversationGeneralconversationshouldconformtothefollowingprinciples:Thetopicmustbeofgeneralinterest.EachpersonmustdohisshareANDNOMORE.Thereshouldbenoperiodsofsilence.Notopicshouldbedraggedout.Thetoneshouldbekeptgood-natured.Nooneshouldbeoffendedbyanythingsaid.Indialogueabouthalfyourtimeshouldbespentlisteningunlessitisclearthattheotherpersonwishesyoutotalkmore.Theadvantagesoflisteningare:Youconcealyourownweakness.Youlearntheotherperson'sattitude.Yougivetheotherpersonenjoyment.Youstoreupemphasisforthestatementyoueventuallymake.Intimesoftroubleasympatheticearismorevaluabletomostpeoplethananythingthatcanbesaidtothem.Theidealconversationalistis:Well-informedSympatheticInterestedinlifeAttentiveAlwaysingoodhumorDoesn'tpreachDoesn'ttakehimselftooseriouslyNotargumentativeNevercontradictorflatlydisagreewiththeotherpersonNevertooforcefuloremphaticinstatingyouropinionsOriginalBroad-mindedCharitable(readytohelp)UnselfishConsiderateFlexiblePoised(controlledandrelaxed)EnthusiasticTheCharacteristicsofSpokenEnglish•1.Hesitationpauses(orfilledpauses)填补词语Filledpausesarethosewhicharepluggedbystopgapnoisessuchasererm“•2.FalsestartsThesecantaketheformeitherofaneedlessrepetitionofaword,egIerI,orofareformulationofwhathasbeensaideg.yougettaughtyou'retaughttodrivetheresultisanungrammaticalsequenceofwords.•3.Syntacticanomalies（不规则）Oftenwefailtokeepcontrolofthesyntaxofwhatwearesaying,andproduceanomalousconstructionswhich,iftheyarenotentirelyungrammatical,wouldneverthelessberegardedasawkwardandunacceptableinwrittencompositioneg.We'vegot...you'vegottotake.•Thevoicedfillerseranderm,forexample,areusefuldelayingdevices,sothatweareabletocontinueholdingthefloorwhilewethinkofwhatnexttosay•fillers-ortagconstructionssuchas:youknow,well,oh,yousee,Imeanmm,shallIsay,Ithinkisn'tit--aninvitationtothelistenerstoconfirmthespeaker'sobservationGeneralcharacteristicsofthesetwomanifestationsofhumanlanguagespokenwrittenimmenselyancientcomparativelyrecenttheprimaryformoflanguagethesecondaryformmodifiesrapidlymodifiesmoreslowlycarriespeople‘sinteractiveemotionallifecarriesknowledgeandinformationdieswithouttracediesbutleavestracesparalinguisticfeaturesincludepitch,volume,intonation,speedandbodilygestureparalinguisticfeaturesreducedtopunctuation,handwritingortypefacelargelyspontaneouslargelypre-meditatedopportunityforrepairandparaphrasenoimmediateopportunitytomonitorreaderfeedbackandeffectrepairFormalityofWrittenEnglishVeryformalVeryinformalLegalandpoliticaldocumentsAcademictextsBusinesslettersQualitynewspapers(broadsheets)PopularpressPersonallettersPersonalemailsFormalityofSpokenEnglishVeryformalVeryinformalPublicspeechClassroomlectureTalkbetweenloversSpokentextWhyareourpersonalexperiencessocrucial?Icangiveyoutwoimportantreasons.First,ourexperiencesdeterminewhatwethink.Second,theydeterminehowwecometothinkabouttheworld.(lecture)WrittentextPersonalexperiencesarecrucialbecausetheydeterminebothwhatapersonthinksandhowheorshethinksabouttheworld.(academicthesis)WritingstyleThewriterdeliberatelywrotethispieceinaconversationalstyletosuithistheme---barconversationhasitsowncharm.Organizationisloose---title,abrupttransition,digressionHighlyinformallanguage---abundanceofsimpleidiomaticexpressionscheekbyjowlwithcopiousliteraryandhistoricalallusionsThetoneoftheauthorisgenerallylight-heartedandrelaxedratherthanveryseriousandforcefulorsatirical.