Stereotype-and-Prejudice-跨文化交际

StereotypeandPrejudiceGroupmembers:Questions：1.Whatisstereotype?2.Inwhatwaysdoweformstereotypes?3.Howmanydimensionsmaystereotypesvaryalong?4.Whatisprejudice?5.Whatarethefivecommonformsofprejudicewhichcanbeidentifiedintermsofintensity?6.Howdidwelearnstereotypesandprejudice?7.Howdostereotypesandprejudiceaffectthewaywecommunicateininterculturalencounters?8.Howshouldwepreventstereotypesandprejudicefromaffectingourcommunicationwithpeoplefromothercultures?1.Whatisstereotype?Astereotypeisafixednotionaboutpersonsinacertaincategory,withnodistinctionsmadeamongindividuals.Inotherwords,itisanovergeneralizedandoversimplifiedbeliefweusetocategorizeagroupofpeople.Wehaveatendencytomakeaclaimthatoftengoesbeyondthefacts,withnovalidbasis.Stereotypesmaybebasedonthetruth,buttheyareexaggeratedstatementsregardingourbeliefaboutwhatagroupofpeopleareorshouldbe.2.Inwhatwaysdoweformstereotypes?(1)Wemaycategorizepeopleorthingsbythemostobviouscharacteristicstheypossess.(2)Wemayapplyasetofcharacteristicstoawholegroupofpeople.(3)Wemaygivethesametreatmenttoeachmemberofthegroup.3.Howmanydimensionsmaystereotypesvaryalong?A.Direction:referstothepositive/favorableandnegative/unfavorableaspectsofstatements.B.Intensity:indicatesthestrengthofabeliefaboutagroupofpeople.C.Accuracy:Someofthemmaybehalf-truths,andothersmaybepartiallyinaccurate.contentaccuracyintensitydirectionD.Content:Stereotypesmayvaryintheirspecificcontent,forexample,inthespecifictraitsattributedtoagroupofpeople.4.Whatisprejudice?Stereotypesnaturallydevelopfromasetofoversimplifiedbeliefsintoarigidattitudetowardagroupofpeople.Suchanattitudebasedonerroneousbeliefsorpreconceptionsiscalledprejudice.Stereotypesandprejudiceoftenoccurtogether.Therefore,prejudiceisalearnedtendencybywhichwerespondtoagivengroupofpeopleoreventinaconsistent(usuallynegative)way.Whencognitions(stereotypes)areassignedvalues(prejudice),wemayenactbiasedaction.However,beliefs(stereotypes)refertothelikelihood（可能性）thatagroupofpeoplepossessescertaincharacteristics,theycontributetotheformationofattitudesystemsthatdirectlyaffectthewaywetreatthegroupofpeople.5.Whatarethefivecommonformsofprejudicewhichcanbeidentifiedintermsofintensity?1Verbalabuse2physicalavoidance(1)Verbalabuseisoftenaccompaniedbyethnicjokesandname-labeling.(2)Physicalavoidanceoccurswhenwedislikeagroupofpeople.Becauseofdifferentreligiousbeliefs,languagesystems,andbehavioralpatterns,wemayintentionallyavoidmakingfriends,goingout,studying,orworkingwithcertain5.Whatarethefivecommonformsofprejudicewhichcanbeidentifiedintermsofintensity?3discrimination4physicalattack5massacre(3)Discriminationreferstothedenialofequalopportunitiestoout-groupmembers.Discriminationoftenoccursintheareasofemployment,residentialhousing,politicalrights,educationalandrecreationalopportunities,andothersocialprivileges.)(4)physicalattack：Asthedegreeofdiscriminationintensifies,physicallypunishingthegroupofpeoplewhoaredislikedbecomesinevitable.—TillCase(蒂尔案）(5)Finally,theworstresultofprejudiceismassacre.6.Howdidwelearnstereotypesandprejudice?A.Children:parentsandfriends.B.Growup:schools,churches,friends,andsignificantothers;C.Personalexperiences(people:visibleanddistincttraits—impairment,physicalappearanceandskincolor)Aswementionedabove,stereotypesandprejudicedonotsuddenlyappearwhenweareborn.Wegraduallydevelopourstereotypesandprejudicesthroughtheprocessoflearningandsocialization.D.Massmedia:television,radio,books,newspaper,magazinesandfilms—“portray”/overgeneralizedandoversimplifiedview/certainkindsofimages7.Howdostereotypesandprejudiceaffectthewaywecommunicateininterculturalencounters?A.Theymaypreventusfrominteractingwithpeopleofdifferentbackgrounds.B.Theytendtoproducenegativefeelingduringtheinteractions.C.Theycanleadtounnecessaryconflictswhentheyareintense.8.Howshouldwepreventstereotypesandprejudicefromaffectingourcommunicationwithpeoplefromothercultures?Tosolvetheproblemsofstereotypesandprejudice,wesuggestthatempathyisthemaincommunicationskillweshouldlearn.