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DEFINITIONOFSIMILESimileisakindofrhetoricalmethodconnectingtwodifferentthingswhichhavesomecommonfeaturesbyusingthewords“as”or“like”.Ingeneral,simileisafigureofspeechthatexpressesaresemblancebetweenthingsofdifferentkinds(usuallyformedwith“like”or“as”)明喻(Simile)是常用as或like等词将具有某种共同特征的两种不同事物连接起来的一种修辞手法。明喻的表达方法是:A像B。说甲像乙,也就是说本体像喻体。明喻的本体、喻体、比喻词都出现,能明显地看出是在打比方的比喻词:“像(如、若……”、“(如、若……似的”、“像(如、若)……一般”、“好比(好像、犹如、仿佛)……”等。Myheartislikeasingingbird.(我的心像一只歌唱的小鸟。)PARTSTheexpressionmethodis:aislikeb.Itissaidthatontologyislikemetaphors.Usually,itcontainsthreeparts:theontology(本体),metaphors(喻体)andthemetaphorwords(比喻词).Itcanbeclearlyseenintermsofparablewordlike“suchas,if...”,“suchasthough,if…”or“like…”,“asif”,“asthough”,“as…as”,“asitwere”EXAMPLESArmyandpeopleareasinseparableasfishandwater.军队和人民像鱼水一样不可分离.Soldierslikethecountry’ssteelwall,guardingthefrontieroffrontier战士就像国家的钢铁长城一样,守卫祖国的边疆在英语中,也有很多习语也属于明喻Asbusyasabee(极为忙碌)Ascrossasabear(怒气冲冲)Liketheboltfromtheblue(晴天霹雳)Tofollowlikesheep(盲从)Tospringuplikemushrooms(雨后春笋)生动形象的明喻Myloveislikeared,redroseThat’snewlysprunginJune;MyloveislikeamelodyThat’ssweetlyplayedintune(RobertBurns)啊,我爱人象红红的玫瑰,在六月里苞放;啊,我爱人象一支乐曲,乐声美妙、悠扬。ShallIcompareyoutoasummer’sday?我能把你比作夏日吗?(WilliamShakespeare)Myheartislikeasingingbird我的心就象正在唱歌的小鸟。任何明喻必须具备以下条件:(1)本体和喻体分属不同性质的事物并同时出现在句中;猫的眼睛像老虎的眼睛。Thetigerisasbraveasthelion.Itisnotasimile,becausethethingscomparedhavetoomanypointsofresemblance.(2)主体和喻体必须在某一点上(声色、形状、性质、功能等)相似,即有所谓的相似点;(similarity)Thediamondisasblueasthegreat常用比喻词有:(3)用比喻词之类的引导方式引导。Iwonderedlonelyasacloud.常见的比喻词:like;unlike;itwasabitlike;canbelikenedto;as;asif;asthough;asitwere;ascomparableto;maybecomparedto;similarto;akinto;beanalogousto;etc.Asif/asthough引导的启发型明喻,其特点是通过暗示性的联想引发人们洞察深层的内涵,所设的比喻或许不一定能直接理解,但是一经思索,必达豁然,因此这一比喻有言近意远的效果。ThewomanmadehimfetchandcarryjustasifhewasagreatNewfoundlanddog.这个女人叫他做这做那,简直把他当作一条纽芬兰的大狗。Therubyshallberedderthanaredrose,Andthesapphireshallbeasblueasthegreatsea.(O.Wilde)红宝石将比红玖瑰还要红,蓝宝石像大海一样蓝。As…as,more…than句型与形容词同级比较、比较级的比较在语法和结构上是一致的,但它们不是简单的比较,而是属于两类不同性质事物之间的比较,在形容同级和比较级的结构中,虽然也用as…as或more…than把二者联系起来,但它只是一种简单的比较,而不是比喻。Heisastallashisfather.Heustallerthanhisfather.likepattern:Mymindgoesroundandroundliketheearth.我的大脑像地球一样不停地转动。Hewaslikeacatonhotbricksbeforehisdrivingtest.在驾驶考试之前,他紧张得像热锅上的蚂蚁。SoccerisspreadinglikewildfirethroughalltheStates.足球像野火一样迅速传遍美国。JennyandIwaslikepeasandcarrots.我和珍妮形影不离。Theywillneverbeabletosavemoneytobuyanewhousetheybothspendmoneylikewater.他们将永远积攒不起钱买新房子——他们两人都花钱如水。Somepatternsofsimileaspattern:as+adj.+as+n.Thatmancan'tbetrusted.He'sasslipperyasaneel.那个人不可信,他像鳝鱼一样滑。I'maspoorasachurchmouse.我一贫如洗。Mymoneyandgoodsareasdeartomeaslifeitself.钱财对我来说如同生命一样宝贵。/我视财如命。Metaphor暗喻.DefinitionMetaphorcomesfromLatin“metaphorn”,means“atransferofameaning”.BasedonWebster’sNewWorldDictionary,metaphorisdefinedas“afigureofspeechcontaininganimpliedcomparison,inwhichonethingisappliedtoanother.”暗喻的结构特征可以分为3个类型:(1)喻体直述式:把本体和喻体说成是一件事。Abookthatisshutisbutablock.总是合着的书只不过是一块砖头而已。Collegeisacommaofasentenceoflife.大学就是人生长句的一个逗号。在上面两句中,喻体blockandcomma一目了然,十分明确地描写了本体的特征。Myheartisalonelyhunterthathuntsonalonelyhill.我的心就像一名孤独的猎手,在寂寞的山岗游猎。(2)喻体半隐式Hedoesn’thaveanideaofhisown.Hejustparrotswhatotherpeoplesay.他没有自己的观点,只会鹦鹉学舌。Aheavysilenceblanketedtheroom.整个房子沉浸在一片沉默中。Theystormedthespeakerwithquestions.他们猛烈质问演讲者。。(3)喻体全隐式Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowedandsomefewtobechewedanddigested.一些书浅尝即可,另外一些书则要囫囵吞下,只有少数的书才值得咀嚼和消化。把book比作food,但food这个喻体并没有出现。取而代之的是taste,swallow,chew,anddigest.EXAMPLESOFMETAPHORnounpattern名词型:AisBTimeismoney.时间就是金钱。Beautywithoutvirtueisarosewithoutfragrance.没有德行的美丽好比没有芬芳的玫瑰。Somepeoplethinkthatmarriageisalottery.有些人认为婚姻是缘分。Heistheeyesandearsofthemanager.他是经理的耳目。Lookatthatguyallmeatandnopotatoes.瞧那个家伙,浑身都是肉。Iwas,inwardly,allwhiteflag.我内心里却妥协了。GreecewasthecradleofWesternculture.希腊是西方文化的发源地/摇篮。Theoldman'sfaceisamapoftime.那老人脸就是岁月的写照。verbpattern动词型:Snowclothestheground.雪覆盖了大地。ThecasesnowballedintooneofthemostfamoustrialsinU.S.history.这个案子像滚雪球似地最终成了美国历史上最著名的审判之一。Astrangerthenisstilldoggingus.一个陌生人仍在跟踪我们。Mydeskisfloodedwithpaper.我的桌子上堆满了纸,就像洪水泛滥一样。Theyearshavesilveredherhair.岁月已使她的鬓发如霜。Thepopulationmushroomedinthepostwardecades.战后数十年里人口快速增长。Myheartwaspumping.我的心怦怦直跳。Hedoesn'thaveanyideaofhisown.Hejustparrotswhatotherpeoplesay.他没有自己的观点,只会鹦鹉学舌。adjectivepattern形容词型:Themountainouswavesswalloweduptheship.山一般的巨浪吞没了那艘船。Iwasallsmiles,lookingforwardtoapleasant,homeyevening.我满心欢喜,盼望度过一个家庭般舒适的夜晚。HegaveNancyawintrysmile.他给莱西一个冷笑。idiompattern:Wemendedourfences.我们重修旧好。-of-phrasepattern:Apolicemanwavedmeoutofthesnakeoftrafficandflaggedmetostop.一位警察招手要我从长蛇般的车流中出来,并挥旗叫我停下。Thelecturerlookeddownattheseaoffacesbeneathhim.演讲者俯视下面无数的面孔。Wehavecomealongwaysincethen,inpartasafruitofhislabors.从那以后,我们取得了巨大进展,其中一部分是他努力的结果。Theytiedpillowsontopoftheirheadsasprotectionagainsttheshowerofrocks.他们把枕头绑在头上以防倾泻而下的岩石。Note:Thedifferencebetweensimileandmetaphoristhatsimilepointsoutthesimilaritybetweentwocomparedthingsdirectly,whilemetaphordoesno
本文标题:英语中的明喻暗喻
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