chapter-7-Formal-and-Informal-Style.ppt

FormalandInformalStyleChapterSevenChapterObjectives★Toknowthebasicknowledgeaboutstyle;★Tohavetherightnotiononstyle;★Todistinguishbetweenformalstyleandinformalstyle★Tograsptheapplicationofstyleandlearntoimproveone’sownstyle写作风格李白鲁迅Shakespeare想象神奇，变化无端，结构纵横跳跃，句式长短错落，形成了雄奇飘逸的风格。凝练,简洁,顿挫而又富有回味的语言风格善于从生活真实出发，展示广阔的社会背景现实主义的刻画和浪漫主义的氛围要巧妙结合☆MisconceptionsofStyle★Styleisonlyasurfacedecoration.★Styleisonlyconfinedtoliterature.★Theabilityofusingstyleisinnate与生俱来的.★Styleismerelyafancywayofcontent.★Styleisonlypossessedbythefamouswriters.☆TentativeDefinitionsofStyle★Styleincludesthewriter’swayofthinkingabouthissubjectandhischaracteristicwayofpresentingitforaparticularpurposeorreader.★Styleresultsfromlinguisticchoices;themorefrequentlythosechoicesareexercisedandthemorewide-rangingtheyare,thehighertheprobabilitytheywilleffectivelyexpressthewriter’suniquethoughtandfeelings.★Styleisameansofdiscovery,forboththewriterandthereader.★Styleisnotmereornament;ratheritconveysimportantsubtitlesformeaningandevaluation,especiallyastheydefinethenatureofthewriter,hisbasicattitudes,hispresuppositions预想,hismoralstance立场,andhisrelationtohissubjectandhisreader.ClassificationofStyle☆Classificationbasedonthemediaofcommunication:spokenandwrittenstyle☆Classificationbasedonregister语域businessstylescientificstylenewsstyleadvertisingstyle…☆ClassificationgivenbytheAmericanLinguist—MartinJoos:“Thefiveclocks”–ThemostinfluentialandwidelyacceptedclassificationofstyleFrozenStyle庄严体FormalStyle正式体ConsultativeStyle商洽体CausalStyle随意体IntimateStyle亲密体•(一)庄严的文体(theFrozenStyle;也有人译作“冷冻体”)。这是一种非常雅致、庄重的文体，是经过反复推敲的力作，读者必须经过反复琢磨方能领悟蕴藏在词句之中的层层含义。领悟的过程是个“解冻”的过程，所以MartinJoos使用了frozen这个词来概括这种文体。•一般认为，MartinJoos说的theFrozenStyle指的是正式的、优雅的文学文体。如果予以引申，这种文体主要用于具有象征性和历史意义的场合，如法律条款、历史文献、议会及重大的国际会议文件等。•(二)正式的文体(theFormalStyle)。这种文体一般用于较重要的场合和较严肃的主题。它是专门用来提供信息的，其代码标志是may这个词。MartinJoos认为，凡用了may就是正式体，如MayIhelpyou?而在非正式场合下可能会用might或can等同义词。•(三)商议性的文体(theConsultativeStyle)。这是一种“日常办事语言”(everydaygetting-things-donelanguage)。日常工作交往、在商店购物、旅游等场合均使用这种文体。MartinJoos把同陌生人攀谈所使用的英语看作是这种文体的典型表现形式。•(四)随意的文体(theCasualstyle)。这种文体多用于朋友之间的闲谈(relaxedconversations)及书信往来。不拘礼节的一般性互访或与朋友偶遇街头时，均可使用这种文体。•(五)亲密的文体(theIntimateStyle)。这种文体只用来表露内心的感情，不传递公共信息。家庭成员或亲爱者之间常用这种文体。＊MaywerespectfullyremindourdistinguishedgueststhatthereisaV.I.P.cloakroomfortheirexclusiveuse（专用）onthefirstfloor.＊Themanagementrespectfullyrequeststheaudiencetokindlyrefrain（克制）fromsmokingintheauditorium.＊Excuseme,IamtryingtogettothePostOffice.Couldyoupossiblytellmetheway?＊Hi!Haven’tseenyouforages!Howaboutgoingforacoffee,thenwecancatchuponallthenews?＊Comeonlazybones!Upyouget!＊Ladiesandgentlemenofthejury,haveyoureachedtheverdict裁定?•尽管MartinJoos的看法还不一定全面，但上面的文体分类方法至少为我们提供了一个讨论的基础。•我们不妨把“庄严的文体”与“正式的文体”统称作正式文体，而把“商议的文体”、“随意的文体”和“亲密的文体”统称作非正式文体。•对于初学者来说，最重要的是掌握正式文体与非正式文体在语言特征上的主要差异。AContrastiveStudyofFormalandlessformalStylefromthePerspectiveofLinguistics☆AtthePhonological音韵学levelFormalstyle:standard,clear,solemnInformalstyle:vague,liaison连音,assimilation☆Atthelexical（句法的）levelLadiesandgentlemen,itgivesmegreatpleasuretobepresentheretonight.Ok,everybody,Iamverypleasedtobeherewithyoutonight.AtthevocabularylevelTheoriginofvocabulariesFormalstyle:Latin,French,GreeklessformalStyle:oldEnglishCompare:Thepoliceareinvestigatingthecaseofmurder.＊Investigate拉丁语investigare(沿踪迹搜寻)＊Case:拉丁语casus(发生,降临,出现)Thepolicearelookingintothemurder.•现代英语中的缩略词(clippedwords)及缩约词(contractions)多用于非正式文体;其相应的非缩略或非缩约形式则常出现在正式文体中:•INFORMALFORMALINFORMALFORMAL•adadvertisementshouldn'tshouldnot•phonetelephonecan'tcannot•photophotographwon'twillnot•TVtelevisionthere'sthereis•subsubstitutedon'tdonot•lablaboratoryit'sitis•papernewspaperI'veIhave•reprepresentativethey'retheyare•由于缩略词常用于非正式文体中，所以在不同的使用范围内，一个缩略词可能有几个不同的含义，如rep还可指reporter，reputation，repertory等;•sub还可指subway，suburb，suburban，sub-editor，submarine等。•非正式文体较多地使用短语动词;•正式文体则常用与之同义的单个动词。试比较:•INFORMAL:Thecriminalsfinallyturned•themselvesin.•FORMAL:Thecriminalsfinallysurrendered.•INFORMAL:Ican'tputupwithyourbadmanners.•FORMAL:Icannottolerateyourbadmanners.•INFORMAL:Hetriedtomakegooduseofhisabilitiesinthenewjob.•FORMAL:Heendeavoredtoutilizehisabilitiesinthenewposition.＊Theuseofvagueexpressionsandhedges模糊表达Formalstyle:seldomlessformalstyle:whenevernecessaryCanyouhelpme?Thereisasortofnoisethingthatsoundswrongtome.I’velooked,andIthinkthelittlewhatsit[wɒtsɪt]thatisusuallyonthetopoftheroundthinghascomeoff,andIamafraiditmusthavegotintothethingumajig.['θɪŋəmədʒɪɡ]＊Theuseofcolloquialism,voguewords时髦词,currentslangandabbreviationsFormalstyle:seldomlessformalstyle:richSaveyoursweettalk.Itwon’tworkonme.We’vebeenpalsforyears.I’vewalkedsomuchtodaymydogsarereallykillingme.Mywifealwayshasacarduphersleeve.☆Atthegrammaticallevel从语法角度来看，正式文体与非正式文体也有许多差异。这里仅扼要列举几点:•(一)在构成比较句型时，使用人称代词的主格形式比使用其宾格形•式更显得正式些，•INFORMAL:BillspeaksFrenchmore•fluentlythanme.•FORMAL:BillspeaksFrenchmore•fluentlythanI.•(二)在表达“让步”概念时，正式文体常使用yet,however，nevertheless,inspiteof(despite),notwithstanding等词语;•非正式文体则常借用but,anyway，allthesame,though,although(although比though更显正式些)等词语予以表达。•INFORM