戴炜栋英语语言学概论Chapter 1概要

RequirementsforthecourseLearnsomegeneralconceptsandtheoriesoflinguistics.Usethetheoriestoexplainsomelanguagephenomena.Guidelanguagelearningandlanguageresearch.Readrelatedlinguisticworks.ContentstoLearnIntroductionPhonology音位学Morphology形态学Syntax句法学Semantics语义学Pragmatics语用学LanguageChangeLanguageandSocietyLanguageandCultureLanguageAcquisition语言习得SecondLanguageAcquisitionLanguageandBrainChapter1IntroductionWhatislinguistics?whatislanguage?Whatislinguistics?Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itisascientificstudybecauseitisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure.GenerallinguisticsThescopeoflinguisticsphoneticsphonologymorphologysyntaxsemanticspragmaticsAppliedlinguisticsInabroadsense:sociolinguisticspsycholinguisticsneurolinguisticsInanarrowsense:languageteachingThemajorbranchesoflinguistics(1)Phoneticsstudiesthesoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication.Phonologystudieshowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication.(soundsystem)Morphologystudieshowthesoundsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwords.Themajorbranchesoflinguistics(2)Syntaxstudiestheruleswhichgovernhowwordsarecombinedtoformgrammaticallypermissiblesentencesinlanguages.Semanticsstudiesmeaningconveyedbylanguage.Pragmaticsstudiesthemeaninginthecontextoflanguageuse.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsprescriptivevs.descriptive(P3)synchronicvs.diachronic(P4)speechandwriting(P4)langueandparole(P4-5)competenceandperformance(P5)traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics(P5-6)prescriptivevs.descriptivePrescriptivestudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage.Descriptivestudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.Englishlinguisticsisakindofdescriptivelinguistics.synchronicvs.diachronicSwisslinguist:FerdinanddeSaussure弗迪南·德·索绪尔Synchronicstudystudiesalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory.Diachronicstudystudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.speech&writingSpeechispriortowriting.Why?Thewritingsystemofanylanguageisalways“invented”byitsuserstorecordspeechwhentheneedarises.Speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongue,andwritingislearnedandtaughtlaterwhenhegoestoschool.langue&paroleSwisslinguistFerdinanddeSaussureLanguereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Langueisabstractandrelativelystablewhileparoleisconcreteandvariable.competence&performanceAmericanlinguistNoamChomsky诺姆·乔姆斯基Competenceisdefinedastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Performanceisdefinedastheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.traditionalgrammar&modernlinguisticsLinguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.ModernlinguisticsdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.Whatislanguage?Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.语言是一种用于人类交际的、具有任意性的语音符号体系。Languageisasystem.Why?Theelementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules.Languageisarbitrary.Thereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor.“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.”—RomeoandJulietbyShakespeareAttention:Itdoesnotimplythatlanguageisentirelyarbitrary:certainwordsaremotivated,suchascrash,bang,rumble,etc.Languageisasystemofvocalsymbols.linguisticsymbols:soundsproducedbyhumanspeechorgans.(vocalsymbols)语言符号visualsymbols:gestures,signalflags,andtrafficlights,etc.视觉符号auditorysymbols:drumbeats,buglecallsandwhistles,etc.听觉符号Languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound.Languageishuman-specific.Humanlanguageisverydifferentfromthecommunicationsystemsofanyotheranimals.Designfeaturesoflanguage:AmericanlinguistCharlesHockett查尔斯·霍凯特Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.Designfeaturesarbitrariness任意性(P8)productivity能产性(P9)duality二重性(P9)displacement移位性(P9)culturetransmission文化传递(P10)ProductivityLanguageiscreative.Productivityisuniquetohumanlanguage.Duality(double-structured)Languagehastwolevels:Lowerorbasiclevel:astructureofsounds;meaningless.Higherlevel:morphemesandwords;grammatically-meaningful.Theunitsatthehigherlevelcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumberofsentences.DisplacementLanguagecanbeusedtorefertocontextremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thispropertyprovidesspeakerswithanopportunitytotalkaboutawiderangeofthings,freefrombarrierscausedbyseparationintimeandplace.CulturaltransmissionLanguageisculturallytransmitted.Itispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.FunctionsoflanguageThreemainfunctions:DescriptivefunctionExpressivefunctionSocialfunctionDescriptivefunctionThedescriptivefunctionisthefunctiontoconveyfactualinformation,whichcanbeassertedordenied,andinsomecasesevenverified.E.g.Chinahasthelargestpopulationintheworld.