研究生英语阅读教程(基础、第三版)重点内容解释及课后答案

1ProgressiveReadingRevisedEdition2LessonOneWorldEnglish:ABlessingOrACurse?3CatalogueBackgroundInformationWarm-upQuestionsMainIdeaLanguagePointsDifficultSentencesKeystotheExercises4BackgroundInformationDrTomMcArthurisfoundereditoroftheOxfordCompaniontotheEnglishLanguage(1992)andthequarterlyEnglishToday:TheInternationalReviewoftheEnglishLanguage(Cambridge,1985-).Hismorethan20publishedworksincludetheLongmanLexiconofContemporaryEnglish(1981),WorldsofReference:Language,Lexicography(辞典编纂学)andLearning5BackgroundInformationfromtheClayTablettotheComputer(1986),andTheEnglishLanguages(1998).HeiscurrentlyDeputyDirectoroftheDictionaryResearchCentreattheUniversityofExeter(埃克赛特大学).6BackgroundInformationInternationalLanguagesandHistoryandDevelpmentInternationallanguagesincludebothexistinglanguagesthathavebecomeinternationalmeansofcommunica-cationandlanguagesartificiallyconstructedtoservethispurpose.ThemostfamousandwidespreadartificialinternationallanguageisEsperanto(世界语);however,themostwidespreadinternationallanguagesarenotartificial.7BackgroundInformationInmedievalEurope,Latinwastheprincipalinternationallanguage.Today,Englishisusedinmorecountriesasanofficiallanguageorasthemainmeansofinternationalcommunicationthananyotherlanguage.Frenchisthesecondmostwidelyusedlanguage,largelyduetothesubstantialnumberofAfricancountrieswithFrenchastheirofficiallanguage.8BackgroundInformationOtherlanguageshavemorerestrictedregionaluse,suchasSpanishinSpainandLatinAmerica,ArabicintheMiddleEast,andRussianintherepublicsoftheformerUSSR.FromMicrosoftEncarta9BackgroundInformationEnglishasInternationalLangauageInternationalEnglishoftenreferstoEnglishasitisactuallybeingusedanddevelopedintheworld;asalanguageownednotjustbynativespeakers,butbyallthosewhocometouseit.Itiscertainlyalsocommonlyusedinconnectionwiththeacquisition,use,andstudyofEnglishastheworld'slinguafranca,andespeciallywhenthelanguageiscon-sideredasawholeincontrastwithBritishEnglish,AmericanEnglish,SouthAfricanEnglish,andthelike.10BackgroundInformationVocabularyandContextThecontextofawordconsistsoftheotherwordssurroundingitandthesituationinwhichitisused.Inthesituationofhospital,thewordoperationmeansremovalofadiseasedpart;inmilitaryorbusinessitmeansaplannedmilitarymovementoranactivity.11BackgroundInformationVocabularyandContextAnothertypicalinstanceisthewords,suchasChinese,JapaneseandEnglish.Theycanmeantheinhabitantsinacertaincountryoralanguagespokenbytheindigenouspeople,forexample:●Frenchareveryromantic.●Frenchisreallyhardtolearn.12Contextalwaysdeterminesmeaning;quiteoftenitalsorevealsmeaning.So,neverforgetcontextandkeepinmindcontextwhilereadingandwheneveryouhaveproblemwithunfamiliarwordsorpropernouns.Usuallycontextisyourfirstoptionratherthandictionariesorencyclopedia.BackgroundInformationContextandMeaning13Arabic,Chinese,Greek,Latin,andSanskrit(梵语)Forgoodorforill,therehasneverbeenalanguagequitelikeEnglish.Therehavebeenmany‘worldlanguages’,suchasArabic,Chinese,Greek,Latin,andSanskrit.1.Theyarepropernounswhichmeanlanguages.2.Frompreviousones,youcantellSanskritisalanguageatleastifyouarenotfamiliarwithit.3.Theyusedtogetpotentialtobeworldlanguages.BackgroundInformation14BackgroundInformationCumbric,Cornish,NornandManxForEnglishisakiller.ItisEnglishthathaskilledoffCumbric（坎布里亚王国使用的凯尔特语）,Cornish（康沃尔人说的凯尔特语）,NornandManx.TherearestillpartsoftheseislandswheresizeablecommunitiesspeaklanguagesthatweretherebeforeEnglish.1.Theyarepropernounswhichalsomeanlanguages.2.Thedeadlanguages.3.ThelanguagesthatusedtobespokenintheBritishIsles.15BackgroundInformationYetEnglishiseverywhereineverydayuseandunder-stoodbyallorvirtuallyall,constitutingsuchathreattothethreeremainingCelticlanguages,Irish,ScottishGaelic,andWelsh...thattheirlong-termfuturemustbeconsidered...verygreatlyatrisk.1.Theyarepropernounswhichstillmeanlanguages.2.TheyallbelongtothegroupofCelticLanguages.3.TheirfutureexistencehasbeenthreatenedbyEnglish.16BackgroundInformationAgain,ifhistoryhadbeensomewhatdifferent,today’sworldlanguagemighthavebeenArabic,apowerfullanguageinWestAsiaandNorthAfricathatcurrentlyaffectsmanysmallerlanguages,includingCoptic（埃及古语）andBerber（柏柏尔语）.1.Theyarepropernounswhichagainmeanlanguages.2.Theyaresmallerlanguageswhichhasbeenaffectedbyadominantlanguage—Arabic.17ApartheidTenyearsago,SouthAfricaceasedtobegovernedonprinciplesofracialseparateness,asystemknowninAfrikaans(alanguagederivedfromDutch)asapartheid.Basedonthissentenceascontext,wecantellapartheidwasasystemtenyearsagoinSouthAfricanotoriousforitsprinciplesofracialseparateness.BackgroundInformation18BackgroundInformationTherearetodayelevenofficiallanguagesinSouthAfrica—English,Afrikaans,andninevernacularlanguagesthatincludeZulu（非洲东南部班图族的一支）；祖鲁语）,Ndebele（恩德贝莱语）,andSetswana.1.Theyarepropernounswhichoveragainmeanlanguages.2.TheyarelanguagesdifferentfromEnglishandAfrikaans.Thoselanguagesarecatalogedintovernacularlanguageswithothers,totallynineofthem.3.Youmayalsoguessmeaningofvernacularfromcontext.19BackgroundInformationArabic,Chinese,Greek,Latin,andSanskritForgoodorforill,therehasn