Unit 7. The art of smart guessing

Unit7TheArtofSmartGuessingRiddles:Eastandwestandnorthandsouth,onehundredteethandneveramouth.I`maword.Ihavethreeletters.Myfirstisinsnowbutnotinice.Mysecondisinrose“andalsoinrice,mythirdisnotinpencil“butinpaper,mywholeisaplacewheretheresalotofwater.WhoamI?ItbeginswithT,endswithT,andisfulloftea.BryanW.MattimoreWhichismoreimportant,creativityorknowledge?Creativityisoneofthemostvaluableandpowerfulresourcesinbusinesstoday.99%Inspirationsuppliesapaletteoftechniquesandstoriestohelpbusinesspeopletaphiddencreativestrengths.ThisentertainingbookenablesreaderstocreativelysolveawiderangeofworkplaceissuesbyusingthecreativetechniquesofsuchgeniusesasWaltDisney,AlbertEinstein,andLeonardoDaVinci.“Ingenuity（发明才能）iswherequestionsmeetanswers,saysBryanMattimore,PresidentofTheMattimoreGroup,aConnecticut-basedcreativityconsultingorganizationspecializinginideationsessionsforlargecompaniesofalltypes,andauthorof99%Inspiration.Hebelievesthatusualwaysofthinkingaboutingenuityneedtobeturnedupsidedown.Thefocusshouldbeonparentsandothersprovidingenvironmentswherecreativitycanflourish.“Creativity,heandmanyotherexpertsbelieve,isnatural.Alotofhisworkinvolveshelpingpeopleunlearnwhateveritisthathasreducedtheirnaturalcreativity.AccordingtoMattimore,adultsmusthelpkidscontinuetoaskquestionsastheygrowup.Heurgesustoaskchildrenquestionsthathelpthemthink,andtoanswertheirquestionswithquestions.Toooften,parentsfeeltheneedtocomeupwithanswers.Sometimes,thiscanfeellikenever-endingwork.So,sadly,someparentsmaystopencouragingtheirchildrentoaskthosechallengingquestions.Thesameprocessseemstotakeplaceinschool,withtheaddedburdensofmorechildrenandtimeconstraintsthanthereareathome.Butweknowthatquestionsareneededtokeepingenuityfromwithering.CreativityCreativityisamentalandsocialprocessinvolvingthediscoveryofnewideasorconcepts,ornewassociationsofthecreativemindbetweenexistingideasorconcepts.Creativityisfueledbytheprocessofeitherconsciousorunconsciousinsight.Analternativeconceptionofcreativeness(basedonitsetymology)isthatitissimplytheactofmakingsomethingnew.Fromascientificpointofview,theproductsofcreativethought(sometimesreferredtoasdivergentthought)areusuallyconsideredtohavebothoriginalityandappropriateness.LeonardodaVinciiswellknownforhiscreativeworks.HowtoSparkInnovationandCreativity1.Encourageyourpeopletobejoyfullyinefficient.It'stheonlywaytobereallycreativeandinnovative2.I'vebecomeconvincedthattheonlywaytobereallycreativeandinnovativeistobejoyfullyinefficient.Again,maybeit'sjustmypersonality,butI'mguessingitappliestomostofuswhosejobsorlivesinvolvedreamingupnewideasorimprovingonexistingones.Andthismakessense.AskingsomeonetobebothcreativeandefficientremindsmeofthatquotefromEinstein:Youcannotsimultaneouslypreventandprepareforwar.Thetwoactivitiesarefundamentallyopposedtooneanother.KnowledgeisdefinedbytheOxfordEnglishDictionaryas(i)expertise,andskillsacquiredbyapersonthroughexperienceoreducation;thetheoreticalorpracticalunderstandingofasubject;(ii)whatisknowninaparticularfieldorintotal;factsandinformation;or(iii)awarenessorfamiliaritygainedbyexperienceofafactorsituation.AndersonCognitiveModel知识（具体→抽象）：事实、概念、程序、元认知。认知能力六级模型（低→高）：高创造评价↑分析∣应用理解低记忆知识：知识是最低的认知水平，它描述的是学生对一些实际信息的回忆情况，它主要是考查学生的记忆能力。理解：理解是第二个认知水平，不是靠死记硬背，要学生理解老师所教的知识。应用：认知的应用水平指的是学生能在具体的情景中运用抽象的概念，能将所学到的知识应用到新的情景中。分析：能将一个复杂的信息分解为几个要素，从而使各要素之间的关系变得很清楚。评价：评价是认知的较高水平，是学生运用自己和他人的评价标准对某些现象做出定性或定量的评价。创造：创造是认知的最高水平，就是把以前没有的事物给生产出来或者造出来。它是一种人类的自主行为。因此，创造的一个最大特点是有意识地对世界进行探索性劳动的行为。WordStudy:navigatorn.航海家（nav船+ig走+ate使+or人→让船走的人→航海家）navigatev.航海accidentally偶然地（accident事故+al+ly）approximationn.大约，近似值（ap一再+proxim接近+ate+ion→不断靠近→接近）approximatev接近a.大约的merchandisern商家，大卖场massmerchandiser超型市场merchant商人merchandise商品telecommunicationsn.电信communicatev交流；通知（commune交流+ic+ate→[大家]交谈→交流）cookwaren.烹饪用具，炊具hardware硬件,software软件Languagepoints:aone-questionquiz:aquizwhichconsistsofonequestiononly;acompetitionduringwhichonequestionisaskedandansweredresourcefuladj.cleveratfindingwaysofdoingthingsyacht:n.Alightsailingboatnavigatorn.Apersonwhoisresponsibleforguidingashiporplanetrenchn.along,narrowusu.deepditch;thiskindofditchdugbytroopstostandinandbeshelteredfromenemyfire;alongnarrowdeepdepressionintheoceanbedaccidentallyadv.bychanceMarianaTrenchTheMarianaTrench(orMarianasTrench)isthedeepestknownpartoftheworld'soceans,andthelowestelevationofthesurfaceoftheEarth'scrust.ItislocatedinthewesternPacificOcean,totheeastoftheMarianaIslands.Thetrenchisabout2,550kilometres(1,580miles)longbuthasameanwidthofonly69kilometres(43miles).Cannonballn.Alargemetalballfiredfromacannonawildguess:afoolishorunreasonableguess;bogn.bogdown:slowone’sprogresszeroinonsb./sth.:toaimguns,etc.atorfindtherangeofaparticulartarget;fixattentiononsb.orsth.;focusonsb.orsth.e.g.Aftermakingafewpreliminaryremarks,thechairmanzeroedinonthekeyissues.hazardv.Takeariskguesstimaten.Anestimatebasedonconjecturetoriskanapproximation:toriskorhazardanestimatethatisnotexactlyrightbutnearlysoP6.Yourbestguesswilloftenbethebestyoucando.Yourmos