高考英语一词多义、熟词僻义

最熟悉的“陌生人”——高考英语一词多义、熟词僻义厦门双十中学王庆华2017-12-08•play•avenue•阅读之本•完形之根•写作之魂词汇Wilkinson(1972)oncesaid:Withoutgrammar,verylittlecanbeconveyed;Withoutvocabularynothingcanbeconveyed.词汇应掌握的度?音pronunciation形spelling义meaning性partofspeech用usagepolysemy•音、形、义、性、用•如：appreciate音：英[ə'priːʃɪeɪt]美[ə'priʃɪet]形：appreciate义:鉴赏；感激性：动词appreciation名词用：①后面接代词、名词或动词-ing形式作宾语,即appreciatesth.,appreciatedoingsth.②Iwouldappreciateitif…如果……，我将不胜感激。•back[bæk]名词：1.背部；背2.后部、后面；末尾3.脊柱；脊梁骨4.（椅子等的）靠背5.（书等的）最后几页、末尾形容词：1.背后的；后面的2.过去的；旧时的abacknumberofthemagazine一份过期杂志3.到期未付的；拖欠的backpay/tax/rent副词：1.向后；在后；在背面2.与（某物）有距离3.控制住；忍住4.回原处；恢复原状5.以前动词：1.（使）后退，倒退2.帮助；支持3.下赌注于4.伴奏；伴唱5.位于（某物的）后面Haveatry!1.Awarmsunshineannouncesthecomingofspring.2.Hernewhatcertainlybecomesher.3.Hewasachingforhome.4.Whodiditstillremainscloudy.5.Thediningcarwascoupledontothelastcoach(车厢).6.Don’tbecrosswithhim—afterall，hemeanttohelp.7.We’reofthesamebuild.8.Iwillleaveyoutodoasyoulike.9.Thewoodenbridgeisnotstrongenoughtoallowthepassageoflorries.10.Shepicturedherselfatschoolinaforeigncountry.显示、预告适于、适合渴望不明朗的联合、连接生气的体格、体型听任通过、通行想象•所谓熟词生义的“生”，是相对而言的。一般分为两种情况：•1、一种是一词多义中的衍生义，只是这个衍生义与基本义间的联系不容易想到，这需要在日常词汇学习时，培养结合具体的语境由词汇的基本义推测其衍生义的能力；•2、另一种是“生义”与基本义联系不紧密，不需要建立彼此间的联系，这需要在词汇学习时注意一些低义频的释义，特别是与基本义联系不大的释义。例：2017年全国I卷阅读理解D篇•Abuild-it-yourselfsolarstill（蒸馏器）isoneofthebestwaystoobtaindrinkingwaterinareaswheretheliquidisnotreadilyavailable.•readily1.quickyandeasily快速地，便利地e.g.Boatsarereadilyavailabletovisitors.游客可以很方便地租到船只。Theinformationisreadilyaccessibleontheinternet.这些信息在因特网一查就能找到。2.quickly,willinglyandwithoutcomplaining乐意地e.g.Jackreadilyagreedtohelp.杰克爽快地答应帮忙。•Toconstructaworkingstill,useasharpstickorrocktodigaholefourfeetacrossandthreefeetdeep.•across熟义:v.横过、越过•生义:1.到/在……对面（adv./prep.）•e.g.Helivesacrossthestreet.•Theschoolisacrossthestreet.•生义:2.宽（adv.）•e.g.Theriveris50metersacross.••Thenlaythetubeinplacesothatoneendrestsallthewayinthecupandtherestofthelinerunsup—andout—thesideofthehole.•rest(v.)生义：1.(目光等）停留•e.g.Asshespoke,hereyesrestedonherhusband’sface.•2.靠放；搁在•e.g.Hisheadwasrestingonhershoulder.•3.取决；在于•e.g.Thefinaldecisionrestedwiththepresident.•4.使轻松；使舒适•e.g.Itrestsmetotakeawalkalongthelake....•Next,covertheholewiththeplasticsheet,securingtheedgesoftheplasticwithdirtandweightingthesheet’scenterdownwitharock.•secure熟义adj.安全的；可靠的；稳定的•生义v.1.获得，得到•e.g.Boyd’sgoalsecuredhisteam’splaceinthefinal.•2.使安全，保护•e.g.Troopsweresenttosecuretheborder.•3.将【某物】固定；缚牢，系紧•e.g.Johnsecuredthehorsefirmlytothetree.•weight生义v.用重物固定；使负重•E.g.Thefishingnetsareweighteddownwithlead.•渔网是靠铅坠下沉的•Thelowpointofthesheetmustbecentereddirectlyover,andnomorethanthreeinchesabove,thecup.•center熟义:n.中间、中心、中央•生义：n.中锋•v.1.集中；使聚集于一点•e.g.ThecoalminesarecenteredinShanxiProvince.•v.2.把……放在中部；居中•e.g.Theycenteredthemirroronthewall.•他们把镜子挂在墙的中央。•Whenthecontainerisfull,youcansucktherefreshmentoutthroughthetube,andwon’thavetobreakdownthestilleverytimeyouneedadrink.•refreshment熟义（精力或精神上的）恢复•生义：1.（u.）饮食、食物和饮料•e.g.Weworkedalldaywithoutrefreshment.•我们不吃不喝地工作了一整天。•2.（plural）茶点、点心•e.g.Refreshmentswillbeservedafterthemeeting.历届高考单选题举例1.Encourageyourchildrentotrynewthings.Buttrynotto______themtoohard.(2009全国I卷)A.drawB.strikeC.rushD.pushpush:逼迫，敦促2.Ifyouleavetheclub,youwillnotbe_____backin.(2009全国II卷)A.receivedB.admittedC.turnedD.movedadmit：准许进入、加入(俱乐部、组织)等；接收入学3.—Doyouhaveenoughto______allyourdailyexpenses?(2009年山东省）—Oh,yes,enoughandtospare.A.coverB.spendC.fillD.offercover:包括；采访，报道；涉及；钱足够……之用；走过……4.Thoughhavinglivedabroadforyears,manyChinesestill_____thetraditionalcustoms.(2008湖北）A.performB.possessC.observeD.supportobserve:遵守规则，法律等;庆祝5.Theprofessorcouldtellbythe______lookinMaria’seyesthatshedidn’tunderstandasinglewordofhislecture.(2011浙江）A.coldB.blankC.innocentD.freshblank:茫然的6.Thefactthatsheneverapologized______alotaboutwhatkindofpersonsheis.(2008山东）A.saysB.talksC.appearsD.declaressay:v.显示，表明；n.决定权；发言权e.g.Thechairmanhasthefinalsay(=hastherighttomakethefinaldecisionaboutsomething).主席有最后决定权•一词多义：在英语词汇学习中给中国学生带来最大困难的是一些出现频率较高、词义较多、用法灵活且与其他词搭配能力强的“高频多义词”。在处理高频多义词时我们提倡建立基本义(或词源义)——也称“根义”(通常放在第一层释义)和衍生义之间的联系，紧紧抓住贯穿始终的基本义，从而理解并记住其他相关义项。这种方法可以避免死记硬背词汇的各个义项，轻松攻克高频多义词这一难关，同时还培养依据基本义在语境中推测词义的能力和理解语用意义的能力。基本词汇study,accuse,beauty,crime,memory，Monday,July,forty,ninth,eightieth,biology,handsome,etc.重点词汇take,get,promote,however,although,convenient,experience,develop,inturn,forgive,accessible,etc.生僻词汇algebra,bent(n.),arbitrary,buffet,bungalow,belly,appendix,alley,tentative,explicit,etc.其他词汇：gap,complain,charitySolution以《考试说明》附录词汇为核心•如：minepron.我的•minev.&n.•n.矿，矿藏，矿山，矿井；地雷，水雷•v.开采，采矿；埋设地雷•commandn.&v.命令，指挥，掌握•commandrespect赢得尊重•commandtemper控制脾气heart,club,diamond,spadeCallaspadeaspadesuitsofpokercardsWordFormationpure→purely→purify→purity→impureimpurity熟练掌握英语构词法一、【派生法】在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀，从而构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词的方法叫作派生法。二、【合成法】英语构词法中把两个单词连在一起合成一个新词，前一个词修饰或限定后一个词，这样的方法就是合成法。三、【转化法】英语构词法中把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法，有的名词可以作动词，有的形容词可以作副词或动词等。WordFormation1.Compoundingcowboy,snowstorm,eggplant,sad-looking,not-for-profit,forget-me-not,fun-loving,short-sighted,English-speaking2.