chapter12呼吸系统

Chapter12RespiratorySystemActivity1:Choosetheonesthatairpassesthroughduringbreathingandarrangethemintherightorder1.alveolarsac2.diaphragm3.intercostalmuscles4.trachea5.nostrils6.bronchi7.pleuralcavity8.nasalcavities9.laryngopharynx10.nasopharynx11.oropharynx12.visceralpleura13.parietalpleura14.mediastinum15.bronchiole16.alveolarductTherightordernostrilsnasalcavitiesnasopharynxoropharynxlaryngopharynxtracheabronchibronchiolealveolarductalveolarsacdiaphragm/intercostalmuscles/pleuralcavity/visceralpleura/parietalpleura/mediastinumRespiratoryfunctionventilationGasexchangeAirwayRespiratorymuscleAirvolumeEffectivecapillarybedAirwaypressuregradientRespiratoryFunctionTestSpirometry肺量测定法,呼吸量测定法Airwayresistance&complianceDiffusioncapacity(肺弥散量)ExerciserespiratoryfunctiontestSpirometryTermsVC(vitalcapacity)【P116】TV(tidalvolume)【P116】FEV1(1stsecondforcedexpiratoryvolume)【P116】ERV(expiratoryreservevolume)【P？】IRV(inspiratoryreservevolume)【P？】IC(inspiratorycapacity)【P114】Staticparameters静态参数TLC(totallungcapacity)【P116】RV(residualvolume)【P?】FRC(functionalresidualcapacity)【P114】Diffusionabnormality:Interstitiallungdiseases【P?】Pulmonaryedema【P116】Pulmonaryvasculardisorders【P116】Physicalexaminationofthechest视诊inspectionrespiratoryfrequency1.tachypnea【P113】24次/分2.bradypnea【P110】12次/分respiratorydepth视诊inspectionbreathingmovement1.thoracicrespiration（胸式呼吸）diaphragmaticrespiration（腹式呼吸）2.paradoxicalbreathing（胸腹矛盾呼吸,反常呼吸）3.dyspnea【P111】视诊inspectionrhythmandrange呼吸节律和幅度Cheyne-Stokesrespiration=tidalbreathing【P110】潮式呼吸触诊palpationthoracicexpansion胸廓扩张度vocalfremitus语音震颤扣诊Percussion【P115】间接叩诊mediatepercussion直接叩诊immediatepercussion听诊Auscultation【P113】Normalbreathsoundtrachealbreathsoundvesicularbreathsoundbronchialbreathsoundbronchovescicularbreathsound听诊Auscultation【P113】AbnormalbreathsoundRaleMoistrales(crackles)【P113】Rhonchi=dryrales【P113】Crepitus(捻发音)【P?】Pleuralfrictionrub(胸膜摩擦音)CommonlySeenRespiratorySymptomsCoughproductivecough(withsputum)non-productivecough(drycough)CommonlySeenRespiratorySymptomsComplicationsofCoughFatiguePneumomediastinum纵隔积气【P112】,pneumothorax【P112】,andsubcutaneousemphysema【P112】duetohighintrathoracicpressureduringcoughCoughsyncopesyndromeCommonlySeenRespiratorySymptomsSputumproductionexpectoration【P113】Characters:mucoid:producedwithmanyacuteorchronicinfectionspurulent:containsWBCpiecesandnecrotictissueblood-stainedwithspecialodoranaerobicinfectionrusty：Pneumococcalpneumoniaserous：alveolarcarcinomaCommonlySeenRespiratorySymptomshemoptysis【P111】Bloodoriginatingbelowthelevelofthelarynxthatbeingcoughedoutfromblood-tingedsputumtomassivegrossbloodnothematemesis（vomitedout）CommonlySeenRespiratorySymptomsdyspnea【P111】InspiratorydyspneaExpiratorydyspneaMixeddyspneaCardiacdyspneaSymptomsofcongestiveheartfailurecancauseorthopneaandparoxysmalnocturnaldyspneawhenelevated-fillingpressureispresent.orthopnea【112】difficultyinbreathinginthesupinepositionrelievedbysittingup,whichreducesthedegreeofpulmonarycongestionbypoolingbloodinthelowerextremitiesandloweringleftventricularfillingpressures,improvingthediaphragmaticmovement,increasingvitalcapacityparoxysmalnocturnaldyspneaSymptoms:AwakingshortofbreathatnightOftenobtainingreliefbysittingupforaperiodoftimeInthemostadvancedcases,thepatientsbecomeacutelydyspneic,cyanoticandveryfrequentlyproducefoamysputumtingedwithbloodparoxysmalnocturnaldyspneaSignsMoistralesatthebothlungbasesTachycardiaWheezingBronchospasm【P110】Activity2:FindtheirEnglishEquivalentforthefollowingcommonrespiratoryconditions1.慢性阻塞性肺病2.百日咳3.胸膜炎4.气胸5.气管炎6.白喉7.支气管炎8.声带炎9.血胸，胸腔积血10.喘鸣11.肺气肿，气肿12.鼻出血，鼻衄13.脓胸14.缺氧15.喉炎16.胸膜积水17.血氧不足18.胸膜痛19.肺出血20.肺炎21.鼻炎Activity2:FindtheirEnglishEquivalentforthefollowingcommonrespiratoryconditions1.慢性阻塞性肺病chronicobstructivepulmonarydisease(COPD)/chronicobstructivelungdisease(COLD)2.百日咳pertussis/whoopingcough3.胸膜炎pleurisy4.气胸pneumothorax5.气管炎tracheitis6.白喉diphtheria7.支气管炎bronchitis8.声带炎chorditis9.血胸，胸腔积血hemothorax/hemathorax10.喘鸣stridor11.肺气肿，气肿emphysema12.鼻出血，鼻衄epistaxis13.脓胸pyothorax14.缺氧anoxia15.喉炎laryngitis16.胸膜积水hydrothorax17.血氧不足hypoxemia18.胸膜痛pleuralgia/pleurodynia19.肺出血pneumorrhagia20.肺炎pneumonia21.鼻炎rhinitisActivity3:TranslatetheFollowingintoEnglish.本品可快速缓解下列疾病所致症状：过敏性鼻炎过敏性皮炎过敏性哮喘适应症：用于慢性鼻炎、季节性过敏性鼻炎(枯草热)、慢性特发性（idiopathic）荨麻疹和其他与组胺相关的皮肤疾病如搔痒等；本品还可快速缓解流涕、打喷嚏、哮喘和皮疹。禁忌症：禁用于对其成分过敏者及哺乳妇女。副作用：可有轻微一过性的副作用如头痛、晕眩、昏睡、兴奋、口干和胃肠道不适等．剂量和服用方法：成人和12岁以上的儿童：每天一片，每片10毫克。