Of_Studies赏析

FrancisBaconOfStudiesFrancisBacon(1561-1626)ContentBacon’sMainExperienceBacon’sFamousWorksAnalysisofOfStudiesIn1561borninLondonIn1573enteredCambridgeUniversityIn1579hisfatherpassedawayIn1582receivedtheQualificationforLawyerIn1606MarriedAliceBarnhamBaconIn1626Mar.madeanexperimentApr.diedofbronchitisBacon’sMainExperiencesBacon’schiefcontributiontoposterityliesinhisroleasthefounderofmaterialisminphilosophyandscienceinEngland.Essays(1597)TheProficiencyandAdvancementofLearning(1605)NovumOrganum(1620)TheNewAtlantis(1626)Bacon’sWorksCharacteristicsofBacon’sEssaysBacon’sessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity,compactnessandpowerfulness.YetthereisanobviousstylisticchangeintheEssays.Thesentencesinthefirsteditionarechargedandcrowdedwithsymmetries.Theyarecomposedinaratheraffectedway.However,thefinaleditionnotonlyenlargestherangeoftheme,butalsobringsforththelooserandmorepersuasivestyle.Theessaysarewell-arrangedandenrichedbyBiblicalallusions,metaphorsandcadence.AnalysisofOfStudiesStudiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Readinghasthreefunctions.Itdelightsyou;itbeautifiesyou;anditstrengthensyourability.Theirchiefusefordelightisinprivateness①andretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness.Thedelightofreadingliesinyourprivatelifeandretirement.Thebeautifyingofreadingliesinhowyoutalktoothers.Thewayreadingstrengthensyourablityliesinyouractofjudging,howyouassessapersonorsituationoreventandhowyoudealwithit.privateness:privatelifediscourse:carryingonaconversationForexpertmencanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairs,comebestfromthosethatarelearned.for:although,despiteexpertmen:menofexperience(theEnglishadjectivebeingusedinitsLatinsense,experti)Althoughmenwithgreatexperiencecouldjudgetheaffairsfromeachsituationandaccomplishthemwell,menwhoarelearnedalwaysarethebestonetohavecommandofthegeneraldirection,theplanandthearrangement.execute:carrythrough,accomplishcounsel:directionplot:planmarshal:arrangeinlogicalorderTospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornamentisaffectation;tomakejudgmentwhollybytheirrulesisthehumorofascholar.sloth:laziness,inactivityaffectation:adeliberatepretenseorexaggerateddisplayhumorofascholar:mannerism,implyingabsurderrorSpendingtoomuchtimeinreadingmakesyouexhaustedandlazy.Usingreadingasatooltobeautifyyourselfispretending.Makingdecisionstoyourheart’scontentistoosubjectiveandsilly.Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience;fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedpruningbystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.perfect:makeperfectorcomplete(studies)Readingmakesupforyournaturaldisadvantages,andexperienceisneededtocompensateforthedisadvantagesofreading.Wereadandknowhowtoweedouttheunwantedpartsofplants.Sodoesknowledge.Wereadandwedeletewhatwedon’tneed.Itisreadingthatgivesusdetaileddirections,exceptforsomedirectionsthatareonlyguidedbyexperience.prune:weedoutunwantedorunnecessarythingsatlarge:ingeneralCraftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem,fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.craftymen:craftsman=apersonskilledinajobcontemn:lookdownonwithdisdainMenskilledinajoblookdownonreading.Menwholackintelligencelookuptoreading.Menwithwisdomapplyreadingtotheirlife.However,booksdonotconvinceothersbytheirusage.Thewisdomofreadingdoesn’tlieinsideabook,butoutsidethebook.Youcouldjustgetitbyobservation.2.Thesecondpartisfrom“Readnottocontradictandconfute,…hehadneedhavemuchcunningtoseemtoknowthathedothnot”.Howshallwereadbooks?Inpart2,youcanknowmoreabouthowtoreadbooks.socomewithmetofindthemethodandbenefitofreading.Readnottocontradictandconfute;nortobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscourse;buttoweighandconsider.Don’tdisagreehostilelywhenyouarereading,don’tbelieveitwholly.Weshouldnotonlyfocusonthewordsandsentences,butalsothinkaboutitbackandforth.superstitionSomebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.Threemethodsofreading1.Taste--Toreadinthewaythatyoutestthetasteoffood,toreadbitshereandthereToreadthewholebookorstory,butwithlittleattentionorwithoutthroughunderstanding2.Swallow--Toreadcarefullyandslowlyandthenthinkaboutandunderstandthemeaningorimportanceof…3.Chewanddigest--Differentbooks,differentattitudes.Somebooksarejustforappreciation,someforentertainment,howover,someshouldbedigested.--thatissomebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadywholly,andwithdiligenceandattetion.extremly,carefully.itsarchaicmeaning.InmodernusageiseagernesstolearnmoreLiteraturestyle:simpleprecisecompactaphoristic（格言式的)--themostimprtantEnglishrhetoric:parallismandellipticalsentenceReadingmakethafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.Readingfulfillsaman,discussionmakesamanwitty,notemakesamanclearconversationsellipticalsentenceAndtherefore,ifamanwritelittle,hehadneedhaveagreatmemory;ifheconferlittle,hehadneedhaveapresentwit:andi