托福强化阅读讲义

1托福强化阅读讲义2前言亲爱的同学们：）欢迎你们来到北京新东方的托福阅读强化课堂。在这里，你们可以学到托福阅读的由浅至深的各个方面，从阅读长难句的训练到托福阅读文章结构分析，从阅读方法到各个题型的解析。但是课堂上的内容只是你托福阅读高分成功的一半，另外一半需要你认真完成课后布置的阅读作业和结课后的复习计划。只有我们的共同努力才能达到理想的目标分数！选择托福、选择出国留学是一条充满期望、梦想、激情但又困难重重的路。你的选择已经证明了你对未来生活美好的向往，已经证明了你不惧失败的决心。希望同学们真的用心思考自己将来想要成为什么样的人？将来想要过什么样的生活？想要什么样的一辈子的事业？愿吾辈游历世界，广博见识，交天下友，潇洒来去不为牵绊而停步，率性而为不因无知而束缚。傲年少，几堪折，闯四方，任去留。3目录第一章托福iBT阅读.....................................................................4一、托福阅读简介....................................................................................4二、确定文章主题..................................................................................10三、托福阅读方法..................................................................................12第二章题型解析..........................................................................14一、词汇题VocabularyQuestions...............................................14二、细节题FactualInformationQuestions................................40三、推理题InferenceQuestions....................................................56四、排除列举题NegativeFactualInformationQuestions.....65五、指代题ReferenceQuestions...................................................78六、句子插入题InsertTextQuestions..........................................88七、修辞目的题RhetoricalPurposeQuestions......................111八、句子简化题SentenceSimplificationQuestions.............131九、总结题ProseSummaryQuestions.....................................146十、配对题FillinaTableQuestions..........................................1544第三章文章练习及讲解.............................................................165Paasage1SymbioticRelationships....................................165Passage2OpportunistsandCompetitors.......................176Answers.............................................................................................187FAQ......................................................................................................189Schedule............................................................................................193第一章托福iBT阅读一、托福阅读简介首先我给大家介绍一下托福考试的基本情况：托福考试，长度700-800字,3篇文章(第一篇文章20分钟，第二三篇文章40分钟共60分钟,共36-42道题),5篇文章(100分钟,60-70道题)；每篇文章后12-14题。具体到我们的托福阅读当中，我们主要可以概括成以下十大类题型：大家可以先看一下十种题型：1．细节题（Factualinformationquestions3-6perset）2．词汇题（Vocabularyquestions3-5perset）3．排除列举题（NegativeFactualinformationquestions0-2perset）4．推理题（Inferencequestions0-2perset）5．修辞目的题（RhetoricalPurposequestions0-2perset）56．指代题（Referencequestions0-2perset）7．句子简化（SentenceSimplificationquestions0-1perset）8．插入文本题（InsertTextquestion0-1）9．总结题(ProseSummary)10.配对题（Fillinatable）1perset当然了，在考试中，我们没必要也不可能去花时间去一一识别和判断这些题目的类型。但是我们的练习，一定要按照细化的原则来进行。等到大家熟练掌握以后，这些题型就都不在话下了。这就像武术的境界，刚开始我们总要对着武林秘籍或者跟着师傅一招一式地练，而到最后往往都是无招胜有招，随意应用，信手拈来了。了解完题型，我们需要看一下托福阅读当中的素材。为什么要特别强调素材呢，因为这是我们在不接触阅读内容的前提下，最容易摸清ETS或者说阅读出题规律或者说偏好的方式。下面我们具体先来看一下：题材多种多样Naturalandphysicalsciences30%1.AstronomyandAstrophysics2.Chemistry3.GeologyandGeosciences4.MarineSciencesandOceanography5.MeteorologyandAtmosphericScience6.Physics7.AgriculturalSciencesBiologicalSciences20%1.BiologicalandBiomedicalSciences62.Anatomy3.Biochemistry4.BotanyandPlantSciences5.Cellular,MolecularandStructuralBiology6.Ecology,EnvironmentalBiologyandEvolutionaryTheory7.Entomology8.Genetics,DevelopmentalBiologyandReproductiveBiology9.MarineBiology10.MicrobiologicalSciences11.Neuroscience12.Nutrition13.Paleontology14.ZoologyArtsandAmericanHistory20%1.AppliedArtsandDesign2.Architecture3.ArtandArtHistory4.Film,TelevisionandVideo5.Music6.PerformingArtsSocialSciences10%1.CommunicationandMedia2.Economics73.Geography4.PoliticalScienceandInternationalAffairs5.Psychology6.SocialSciencesandSociology7.Anthropology8.ArchaeologyHumanities10%1.History2.Humanities3.LanguageandLiterature4.LinguisticStudies5.PhilosophyandEthicsBiographyandOthers10%了解了这些题型的分布，大家一方面可以在日常中多看相关领域的文章、普及类知识；另一方面，多学习一下相关领域的单词，并不要求全部记住，但一定要对这个单词有印象或者见了单词能知道是什么。好了，看完上边的基本介绍和规律，现在我们深入地来看一下阅读题型的基本规律：重复性:1.词汇及词汇题重复(形容词和动词考的最多)2.考题重复(机经)态度原则：中立或积极向上，同情弱者（少数民族、妇女、黑人、印第安人），排除带有歧视、极端消极的选项8TheUndergroundRailroadParagraph8:Thepeoplewhoworkedontherailroadwerebreakingthelaw.AlthoughtheescapenetworkwasneverassuccessfuloraswellorganizedasSouthernersthought,thefewthousandslaveswhomadetheirwaytofreedominthiswayeachyearhadasymbolicsignificanceoutofproportiontotheiractualnumbers.TheUndergroundRailroadcontinuedoperatinguntilslaveryintheUnitedStateswasfinallyabolishedin1865.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph8thattheauthormostlikelybelieveswhichofthefollowingabouttheUndergroundRailroad?A.Thepeoplewhoworkontherailroadshouldhavebeenarrested.B.Therailroadwasunsuccessfulbecauseitcouldnothelpeveryslave.C.Southernersdidnotknowabouttherailroaduntilafteritclosed.D.Therailroadrepresentedapsychologicalvictoryforabolitionists.同义改写：原文、题干、选项中不同的说法表达同一个意思，三种改写方法为：词性、同义词、句型变换Paragraph4:Themethodofmakingpotashwassimpleenough.Logswerepiledupandburnedintheopen,andtheashescollected.Theasheswereplacedinabarrelwithholesinthebottom,andwaterwaspouredoverthem.Thesolutiondrainingfromthebarrelwasboileddowninironkettles.Theresultingmasswasfurtherheatedtofusethemassintowhatwascalledpotash.1.A