猪饮水管理

Water“TheForgottenNutrient”P.A.Thacker水-被遗忘的营养FunctionsofWater水的功能TemperatureRegulation体温调节Transportation运输ChemicalReactions生化反应Lubrication润滑剂Protection保护SourcesofWaterForSwine猪体内水的来源DrinkingWater饮水WaterinFeed饲料中的水MetabolicWater代谢产生的水RoutesofWaterExcretion水排泄的途径Lungs肺Skin皮肤Kidney肾脏Feces粪便FactorsAffectingWaterRequirements影响水需求的因素EnvironmentalTemperature环境温度RelativeHumidity相对湿度HealthofPig猪健康状况AmountofFeedConsumed采食量ProteinContentofDiet食物的蛋白含量SaltContentofDiet食物中盐的含量WaterContentofDiet食物的水分含量WaterSalinity水中的盐含量ReasonsforReducedWaterConsumption造成饮水下降的原因LowWaterPressure水压低RustedorBlockedPipes铁锈或杂物堵塞管道FrozenWaterLines结冰WaterSupplyTurnedOff水源关闭TooManyPigsinPen猪的密度过大水流量不够水流量不够水管漏水饮水设施不健全SymptomsofWaterDeprivation缺水的征兆ReducedFeedIntake采食量下降IncreasedHeartRate心跳过快IncreasedBodyTemperature体温升高IncreasedRespiration呼吸急促Death死亡NeverRestrictWaterIntakeofPigs猪绝对不要限水EstimatedWaterRequirements水的需要量Cleary(1983)Pederson(1994)Lumb(1998)SucklingPigs乳猪---1-20.27WeanlingPigs断奶仔猪3-51-51.2Grow/Finish育肥猪5-75-105-6Gestating怀孕母猪12-1512-205-8Lactating泌乳母猪18-2325-3515-30RecommendedWaterFlowRatesforSwine(L/min)水流量推荐Gadd(1988)Carr(1993)Pederson(1994)SucklingPigs乳猪0.250.300.5WeanlingPigs断奶仔猪0.500.70.5-0.830kgGrow育成猪0.661.00.870kgFinish育肥猪0.751.51.2GestatingSows怀孕母猪2.251.5-2.01.5-2.0LactatingSows泌乳母猪2.252.54.0SucklingPigs乳猪Relationshipbetweenwaterconsumptioninfirstweekandpreweaningmortality第一周的饮水量与断奶前的死亡率相关Highwaterintakestimulatescreepfeedconsumption饮水增加刺激采食量的增加WaterUsebyWeanlingPigs断奶仔猪水的饮水量Affectedbywaternippleposition受水嘴位置的影响Waterusehigherwithhigherflowrate水压越高饮水量越大Consumemorewaterwithpelleteddietsthanwithmash吃颗粒料比吃粉料的饮水量大CalculationofDailyWaterIntakeofWeanlingPigs(L/day)断奶仔猪饮水量的计算WaterIntake饮水量=1.49+(3.053dailyfeedintakeinkg)每天采食量Brooksetal.,1984EffectofFlowRateofWateronWeanlingPigPerformance水流速对生产性能的影响WaterDeliveryRate(mls/minute)水流速175350450700TimeSpentDrinking(min)饮水耗时4.462.972.932.32WaterIntake(L/day)饮水量0.781.041.321.63FeedIntake(g/day)采食量303323341347DailyGain(g/day)日增重210235250247FeedEfficiency饲料效率1.481.391.371.42TopplisandTibble,1994EffectofDryorLiquidFeedingonWeanlingPigPerformance干喂与湿喂对生产性能的影响DryFeed干料LiquidFeed湿料FeedIntake(g/day)采食量545654DailyGain(g/day)日增重397454FeedEfficiency料肉比1.371.44TotalWaterUsage总水量(ml/pig/day)14992028EffluentProduction污水产生(ml/pig/day)9821189Russelletal.,1996EffectofTypeofDrinkeronWeanlingPigPerformance不同饮水方式对生产性能的影响ControlNippleDrinkersExperimentalTurkeyDrinkersStartingWeight(kg)初始体重6.26.2FinishingWeight(kg)末尾体重22.123.7Dailygain(g)日增重388427DailyFeedIntake(g)日采食量686738FeedEfficiency料肉比1.771.73Gadd,1997Growing-FinishingPigs生长育肥猪Ahighdeliveryrate(900cm3/min)increasedwaterusecomparedwithalowdeliveryrate(300cm3/min).水流量越大饮水量越大Increasingthenumberofnipplesperpenfromonetotwohadnoeffectonperformance.水嘴增加对生产性能无影响Wateruseincreasedattemperaturesover30C.温度超过30度后饮水增加WaterConsumptionofLactatingSows泌乳母猪的饮水18kgLightfoot,197818kgLightfootandArmsby,198420kgBauer,198225kgRiley,1978EffectofWaterFlowRateonthePerformanceofLactatingSows(ml/min)不同水流对泌乳母猪性能的影响70700SowLactationWeightLoss(kg)失重26.818.6SowFeedIntake(kg/day)采食量3.74.4PigletWeaningWeight(kg)仔猪断奶重6.06.4Hoppeetal.,1987FactorsAffectingWaterQuality影响水质的因素DissolvedMinerals溶解矿物ToxicElements有毒物质PesticideResidues农药残留PathogenicOrganisms病原微生物IndustrialWastes工业废物FecalMaterial粪便污染WaterQualityStandardsForLivestock水源要求Parameter参数GoodQuality高品质Satisfactory一般TDS(ug/ml)总矿物100-15001500-3000Hardness(ug/ml)硬度0-20200-500Calcium(ug/ml)钙0-100150Magnesium(ug/ml)镁0-100Sodium(ug/ml)钠0-300300-500Alkalinity(ug/ml)碱度0-500500-1000Sulfates(ug/ml)硫酸盐0-500500-1000Nitrates(ug/ml)硝酸盐0-90100pH7-8.56.5-9.5Iron(ug/ml)铁0-0.30.3-1.0TechniquestoReduceWaterWastage减少水源浪费的技术ImproveDrinkerDesign(iewings,angle)改善水嘴设计InstallDrinkerinProperLocationinPen水嘴安装于正确的位置AvoidExcessiveFlowRates水不要过量EnsureProperDietFormulation(avoidexcesssaltandprotein)正确的饲料配方StopWaterLeaks减少泄露