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2013专四辅导专四语法总结I.主谓一致1.意义一致和就近原则•连词notonly...butalso/neither...nor/or/either...or/not...butNotonlythestudentsbutalsotheteacherisenjoyingthefilm.EitherheorIamright.•副词here/thereHerearemyrepliestoyourquestions.Thereisanapple,twobananasandsomeorangesontheplates.2.以-s结尾的名词做主语的主谓一致•疾病名词:单数:arthritis关节炎,bronchitis支气管炎,rickets软骨病,mumps腮腺炎,diabetes糖尿病可作单数也可作复数:rickets软骨病,measles麻疹•游戏名称一般做单数,表示游戏所用镖等意义时用复数Darts投镖,marbles打弹子游戏Cards用复数:Cardsarenotallowedhere.•地理名称国名用单数群山、海峡、瀑布用复数TheHimalayashaveamagnificentvarietyofplantandanimallife.•Scissors,glasses,shorts,trousers一类词单独使用用复数,加上单位词,如apairof由单位词单、复数决定•-ings结尾的名词一般用复数Theclippingsofthehedgesareusuallyhurt.•特例(见语法P33)Theonlymeanstoachievesuccessistoappealtoarms.Allmeanshavebeentriedouttoincreaseagriculturalproduction.3.集体名词作主语主谓一致1)集体名词,如:police,people,cattle,militia民兵,poultry家禽等,Domesticcattleprovideuswithmilk,beefandhides.2)有些集体名词,如foliage叶子,machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise,通常作不可数名词,随后的动词用单数。例如:AllthemachineryinthefactoryismadeinChina.3)集体名词,如audience,committee,class,crew,family,public,governmentThecitycouncilismeetingtosetitsagenda.4)acommittee,etc.of+如果主语是由“acommitteeof/apanelof/aboardof+复数Acommitteeoffivemenandthreewomenistoconsiderthematter.4.并列结构作主语时的主谓一致Eggandmilkisagoodbreakfast.(这里的鸡蛋和牛奶都指一顿早饭,不可分割)Fishandchips(炸鱼土豆片)isapopularsupperhere.•当and连接的并列名词词组带有each,every或者manya等限定词时,随后动词常用单数Manyamanandwomaninthiscommunityfindshimselforherselfinneed.Everyboyandgirlintheclassisgivenacopyofthephoto.•主语后跟有由asmuchas,ratherthan,morethan,nolessthan,aswellas,inadditionto,with,alongwith,togetherwith,except等引导的结构或词组,取决于主语本身形式。5.表示数量的名词短语作主语•主语是“分数/百分数+of+名词”,动词的形式取决于中心名词的单复数形式。e.g.Twothirdsofthecitywasdestroyedinthewar.Thirty-fivepercentofthedoctorswerefemale.•anumberof+名词复数,动词用复数。thenumberof+名词,动词用单数。e.g.Agreatnumberofstudentshaveentredforthesportsmeeting.Thenumberofstudentshasdoubledintwoyears.•表示时间和度量的名词短语通常作为一个整体看待,谓语动词用单数形式e.g.Twentyminutesistoolongtowait.•如果做主语的名词短语由“aportionof,aseriesof,apileof,apanelof,akindof,asortof,atypeof,thiskind/sort/typeof”构成,无论中心名词的形式如何,谓语动词的形式通常都是单数。e.g.Thereisakindofroseinthegarden.•“复数名词+ofthiskind”,谓语动词用复数。e.g.Peachesofthiskindarejuicy.•“these/thosekindof+复数名词”,谓语动词用复数。e.g.Thesekindofpeachesareveryjuicy•由“manya+单数名词”或者“morethanone+单数名词”组成的名词短语虽然在意义上是复数,但习惯上谓语动词用单数。e.g.Morethanonegamewaslost.一些搭配与主谓一致•agreatmany+可数名词复数谓语用复数•manya+可数名词单数谓语用单数•anumberof+可数名词复数谓语用复数•thenumberof+可数名词复数谓语用单数•themajorityof+可数名词复数谓语用复数•neither/eitherof+可数名词复数谓语用单数•morethanone+可数名词单数谓语用单数•oneandahalf+可数名词复数谓语用单数II.限定词•几个属于不同层次的形容词作修饰语时,其词序一般按下列顺序排列:限定词→表示说话人评价的形容词→表示大小、形状、新旧的形容词→表示颜色的形容词→表示国别、来源、材料的形容词→表示用途或目的的形容词→名词中心词•一、不定代词概说•英语的不定代词有all,each,both,either,neither,one,none,little,few,many,much,other,another,some,any,no,(a)few,(a)little,both,enough,every等,以及由some,any,no和every构成的合成代词(即somebody,anyone,nothing等)。在这些不定代词中,多数都能作主语、宾语、表语或定语,但是代词none以及由some,any,no和every构成的合成代词只能作主语、宾语或表语,不能作定语,而no和every则只用作定语。•••二、指两者和三者的不定代词•有些不定代词用于指两者(如both,either,neither),有的不定代词用于指三者(如all,any,none,every),注意不要弄混:•Bothofmyparentsaredoctors.我的父母都是医生。•Allofthestudentsareinterestedinit.所有的学生对此都很感兴趣。•Therearetreesonanysideofthesquare.广场的每一边都种有树。•Hehastwosons,neitherofwhomisrich.他有两个儿子,都不富有。•Hehasthreesons,noneofwhomisrich.他有三个儿子,都不富有。•【说明】each可用于两者、三者或三者以上,而every只用于三者或三者以上,因此用于两者时只能用each,不能用every。如不能说Therearetreesoneverysideoftheroad.•三、复合不定代词的用法特点•复合不定代词包括something,somebody,someone,anything,anybody,anyone,nothing,nobody,noone,everything,everybody,everyone等。它们在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语,但不能用作定语。something,someone等和anything,anyone等的区别与some和any的区别一样,前者一般用于肯定句,后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句III.虚拟语气•下面是虚拟条件句的几种基本形式。(1)与将来事实相反Would/could+V,Shoulddo/weretodo(2)与过去事实相反Would/couldhavedone,Haddone(3)与现在事实相反Would/coulddo,Were/did•专四中常见的虚拟语气形式。1)wish后的宾语从句IwishIknewwhatwasgoingtohappen.2)suggest(suggestion),propose(proposal),advise(advice)demand,insist,order,request,require,recommend,desire,ask,decide等。在这些从句中,谓语形式为should加动词原形,should可以省略。例:Thegeneral’scommandwasthatthesoldiers_____theirfortandcarryoutmoreimportanttask.A.wouldleaveB.leaveC.leftD.haveleft(答案:B)(2002年49题)例:It’sdesiredthatshe_____toteachusatleasttwiceaweek.A.comesB.willcomC.comeD.maycome(答案:C)(1997年29题)3)wouldrather,wouldassoon,asif/though以及wish后边that从句中虚拟语气的运用。1.Iamtoobusythesedays.Iwouldratherallofyou_____nextmonthforadinner.A.comeB.wouldcomeC.cameD.havecome(答案:C。wouldrather后面的从句中,动词用过去式。)(2002)2、Hetalksasifhe_____everythingintheworld.A.knowsB.knewC.hadknownD.wouldhaveknow(正确答案为B。在asif/though后边的方式状语从句中,表示与现在事实相反或对现在的情况有所怀疑,动词用过去式;如果表示的是想象中的过去的动作,用过去完成时。本句表示对现在的情况有所怀疑。)(1998年45题)3.Youlookasifyouhadseenaghost.4.IwishIknewhisaddress.5.Peterwishesthathe_____lawinsteadofliteraturewhenhewasincollege。A.couldstudyB.studiedC.hadstudiedD.wouldstudy(答案为C。2000年32题)4)在Itis(high/about)time后边的that从句中,动词用过去式,表示该做某事了。例:Don’tyouthinkitistimeyou_____smoking?A.giveupB.gaveupC.wouldgiveupD.shouldgiveup(答案为B。)(1999年31题)Itisthefirst(second/third)time后的that从句中,谓语动词要用完成体来表示一种经验It’sthefirsttime(that)theboyhasspokentoaforeigner.Thisisthesecondcigarettethathehassmokedtoday.Itwasthefirs
本文标题:专四语法归纳总结
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