反倾销、反补贴、保障和特殊情况处理等(中英文对照)

反倾销、反补贴、保障和特殊情况处理等（中英文对照）发布时间：2011-10-2411:30:54翻译：李莉校对：廖纷，陈茜茜复审：薛婷婷Anti-dumping,Subsidies,Safeguards,Contingencies,etc反倾销、反补贴、保障和特殊情况处理等英文来源：(most-favoured-nationtreatment,orMFN)arekeytothesmoothflowoftradeingoods.约束关税及将其在全体贸易成员国之间平等地适用（即最惠国待遇，简称MFN）是保证商品交易过程畅通的关键。TheWTOagreementsupholdtheprinciples,buttheyalsoallowexceptions—insomecircumstances.Threeoftheseissuesare:世贸协议秉持着这些原则，但有时也有例外。例如以下三种情况：actionstakenagainstdumping(sellingatanunfairlylowprice)1.反倾销（以不公平的低价出售商品的行为）措施；subsidiesandspecial“countervailing”dutiestooffsetthesubsidies1.贸易补贴以及为抵消贸易补贴而征收的“反补贴”关税；emergencymeasurestolimitimportstemporarily,designedto“safeguard”domesticindustries.1.为暂时限制进口以“保护”国内产业而采取的紧急应对措施。Anti-dumpingactions反倾销措施Ifacompanyexportsaproductatapricelowerthanthepriceitnormallychargesonitsownhomemarket,itissaidtobe“dumping”theproduct.如果某一公司以低于其在国内市场正常出售的价格出口某一产品，我们就称其“倾销”该产品。Isthisunfaircompetition?Opinionsdiffer,butmanygovernmentstakeactionagainstdumpinginordertodefendtheirdomesticindustries.这是否为不公平竞争？各人意见不同。然而很多成员国政府采取措施抵制倾销以保护他们的国内产业。TheWTOagreementdoesnotpassjudgment.世贸组织的协议并未给出明确的判断。Itsfocusisonhowgovernmentscanorcannotreacttodumping—itdisciplinesanti-dumpingactions,anditisoftencalledthe“Anti-DumpingAgreement”.(ThisfocusonlyonthereactiontodumpingcontrastswiththeapproachoftheSubsidiesandCountervailingMeasuresAgreement.)协议把重点放在了政府能否对倾销行为予以反击——它规范了反倾销的手段，并被通称为《反倾销协定》（此协定的重点在于对倾销行为的回击，与《补贴与反补贴措施协定》不同）。Thelegaldefinitionsaremoreprecise,butbroadlyspeakingtheWTOagreementallowsgovernmentstoactagainstdumpingwherethereisgenuine(“material”)injurytothecompetingdomesticindustry.正规的定义要更为精确一些，但大体来说世贸组织协定允许各成员国政府在本国国内竞争产业受到真正（实质性物质层面）损害时采取措施反对倾销。Inordertodothatthegovernmenthastobeabletoshowthatdumpingistakingplace,calculatetheextentofdumping(howmuchlowertheexportpriceiscomparedtotheexporter’shomemarketprice),andshowthatthedumpingiscausinginjuryorthreateningtodoso.为了能够做到这一点，成员国政府必须先证明倾销行为正在进行，并推算倾销的程度（即出口价格相比出口商在其本国国内的市场价低多少），还要证明该倾销行为已造成或有可能造成损害。GATT(Article6)allowscountriestotakeactionagainstdumping.《关税与贸易总协定》（第六条）规定，成员国政府可以采取措施应对倾销。TheAnti-DumpingAgreementclarifiesandexpandsArticle6,andthetwooperatetogether.《反倾销协定》阐明并延伸了关贸协定第六条规定，且两者可同时适用。TheyallowcountriestoactinawaythatwouldnormallybreaktheGATTprinciplesofbindingatariffandnotdiscriminatingbetweentradingpartners成员国政府可以采取某种在通常情况下可能违反《关贸总协定》关于绑定关税和禁止歧视等原则的反对倾销方式。—typicallyanti-dumpingactionmeanschargingextraimportdutyontheparticularproductfromtheparticularexportingcountryinordertobringitspriceclosertothe“normalvalue”ortoremovetheinjurytodomesticindustryintheimportingcountry.——反倾销措施无非就是对某一特定国家的某种出口产品征收额外的进口关税以达到使其出口价格更接近其“正常价值”或者消除其对进口国国内产业损害的目的。Therearemanydifferentwaysofcalculatingwhetheraparticularproductisbeingdumpedheavilyoronlylightly.推算某种产品倾销程度的大小有很多不同的方式。Theagreementnarrowsdowntherangeofpossibleoptions.Itprovidesthreemethodstocalculateaproduct’s“normalvalue”.协定缩小了可供选择途径的范围，并提供了三种方式来估算产品的“正常价值”。Themainoneisbasedonthepriceintheexporter’sdomesticmarket.主要的一种是依据出口国国内的市场价格。Whenthiscannotbeused,twoalternativesareavailable—thepricechargedbytheexporterinanothercountry,oracalculationbasedonthecombinationoftheexporter’sproductioncosts,otherexpensesandnormalprofitmargins.如果这种方法不适用，还可以有另外两种可供替代的方式——依据该产品在第三国的出口价或者依据出口商的生产成本、其他费用和正常利润额相结合所构成的估算价格。Andtheagreementalsospecifieshowafaircomparisoncanbemadebetweentheexportpriceandwhatwouldbeanormalprice.协定还详细说明了如何对进口价和可能的正常价格做公平的比较。Calculatingtheextentofdumpingonaproductisnotenough.推算某种产品的倾销程度还远不止如此。Anti-dumpingmeasurescanonlybeappliedifthedumpingishurtingtheindustryintheimportingcountry.反倾销措施只能在倾销行为对进口国国内产业造成了损害的前提下才可以适用。Therefore,adetailedinvestigationhastobeconductedaccordingtospecifiedrulesfirst.因此，首先必须依照规则进行详细的调查。Theinvestigationmustevaluateallrelevanteconomicfactorsthathaveabearingonthestateoftheindustryinquestion.该调查必须对与被调查产业有关联的所有相关经济因素进行评估。Iftheinvestigationshowsdumpingistakingplaceanddomesticindustryisbeinghurt,theexportingcompanycanundertaketoraiseitspricetoanagreedlevelinordertoavoidanti-dumpingimportduty.如果调查显示倾销行为正在进行且被倾销国国内产业受到损害，则出口国可以通过提高价格到一定程度来避免反倾销进口关税。Detailedproceduresaresetoutonhowanti-dumpingcasesaretobeinitiated,howtheinvestigationsaretobeconducted,andtheconditionsforensuringthatallinterestedpartiesaregivenanopportunitytopresentevidence.协定对于如何提起反倾销诉讼、调查如何进行以及保证所有的利益方都有机会提供证据的程序都设定了详细的规定。Anti-dumpingmeasuresmustexpirefiveyearsafterthedateofimposition,unlessaninvestigationshowsthatendingthemeasurewouldleadtoinjury.反倾销措施自强制执行之日起五年期满，除非调查显示终止这一措施会导致损害性后果。Anti-dumpinginvestigationsaretoendimmediatelyincaseswheretheauthoritiesdeterminethatthemarginofdumpingisinsignificantlysmall(definedaslessthan2%oftheexportpriceoftheproduct).如果权威机构认定倾销额度微不足道（即根据规定低于商品出口价的2%），则反倾销调查须立即终止。Otherconditionsarealsoset.该协定对其他的情况也有所规定。Forexample,theinvestigationsalsohavetoendifthevolumeofdumpedimportsisnegligible(i.e.ifthevolumefromonecountryislessthan3%oftotalimportsofthatproduct—althoughinvestigationscanproceedifseveralcountries,eachsuppl