修辞格“转喻”与“提喻”的区别

英语易混修辞格Metonymy转喻Metonymy:Afigureofspeechthatconsistsinusingthenameofonethingforthatofsomethingelsewithwhichitisassociated;Afigureofspeechwhichconsistsinsubstitutingforthenameofathingthenameofanattributeofitorofsomethingcloselyrelated.•Metonymy是用甲事物的名称代替乙事物的名称，而甲、乙两事物在某一方面有着密切的联系，但没有相似之点。当提到甲事物时就自然联想到乙事物。换言之，它是用与甲事物密切相关的乙事物来代替甲事物。转喻使用恰当能产生幽默、含蓄、讽刺等修辞作用。转喻是英语常用的修辞格，仅次于明喻与隐喻。1）以容器代其内容或以容器代其容器•Thekettle(=Thewaterinthekettle)isboilingover.壶开了。（壶中的水开了。）•Thehearth/stove(=Thefireinthehearth/stove)isburningbrightly.炉燃得正旺。（炉火燃得正旺。）•Hesettheroom(=thepeopleintheroom)roaringwithlaughter.他使全屋子爆发出笑声。（他使全屋的人笑起来。）Hekeepsagoodtable.(=Heprovidesgoodmeals/food.)他的席面总是很讲究的。（他能提供丰盛的饭菜。）•Heisinhiscupsagain.他又喝醉了。•Theirfive(=Theirbasketballteam)haswonthegame.他们队赢得了这场篮球赛。•Pleasedrinkacuportwo.(=Pleasedrinksometea,wine,etc.)请喝一两杯。•Hekeptafinestable.(=finehorses.)他养了些好马。•Heisfondofthebottle.(=thewine,liquor,etc.inthebottle.)他喜欢喝酒。•Thewholevillage(=Thepeopleinthevillage)rejoicedatnews.全村的人听到这个消息很高兴。•Thecoatwouldbebeyondhismiserablepocket(=money).他的钱少得可怜，买不起那件大衣。2)以作者代其作品；以人体部分或器官代其功能IhavereadsomeofDickensandScottandThackeray(=someoftheworksbyDickensandScottandThackeray.)我读过狄更斯、司各脱和萨克雷的一些作品。HaveyoueverreadDickensandScott(=theworksbyDickensandScott)?你读过狄更斯和司各脱的作品吗？MyunclepreferstheRembrandttothePicasso.我叔叔喜欢伦勃朗特画的画，不喜欢毕加索画的画。•WehaveseveralTurners(=picturesbyTurner).我们有几张特纳所做的画。•HaveyougotaHornby(=acopyofthedictionarybyHornby)?你有一本荷恩毕编的词典吗？•IhaveneverreadHomer(=thepoemsofHomer).我从未读过荷马的诗。•Shehasagoodear(=thepowerofhearing)formusic.她在音乐方面很有鉴赏力。•Hehasagoodeye(=thepowerofseeing)forbeauty/thepicturesque.他很会欣赏美（美的东西）。•Shehasareadytongue(=thepowerofspeech).她口齿伶俐。3）以工具代其使用者或使用工具的结果•Thepenismightier/strongerthanthesword/gun.(=Thosewhousethepenhavemoreinfluencethanthosewhousethesword/gun.)笔杆子比枪杆子厉害。•Hispenswaysoverhalfofthecivilizedworld.(=Hiswritingsswayoverhalfofthecivilizedworld.)他的作品影响着半个文明世界。4）用人或物的显著特征代替人或物•Theblueeyes(=peoplewithblueeyes)walkedintotheoffice.那些蓝眼睛走进了办公室。•Youngpeopleshouldhavemorerespectforgreyhairs(=theaged/oldwithgreyhair).年轻人应该多尊重老年人。•Nocross,nocrown.没有苦就没有甜。5）以与甲事物密切相关的乙事物代替甲事物•Thecamp(=thearmy),thepulpit(=thereligion)andthelawforrichmen’ssonsarefree.兵营，布道坛和法律保障有钱人的子孙无忧无虑。•Shetooktheveil(=anun’shead-covering)at20.(=Shebecameanunat20.)她20岁开始当尼姑。•broughtto/underthehammer(=themalletusedatauction)(=puttoauction)拿去拍卖6）以某物的商标代替该物YoudroveyourfancyJaguar,andyoutookaladyfriend.你开了那辆华丽的“美洲虎”轿车到那儿，还带了一位情妇去。DidyouseeaFordthere?你看到那儿有一辆“福特”牌汽车吗？7）以穿着代替人•Areweboysgoingtobebeatenbyabunchofskirts(=girlsinskirts)?我们男孩子会被一些穿裙子的女孩子打败吗？•Hesucceededtothecrown(=royaloffice).他继承了王位。•Theplaygroundroaredlikearodeo,…oldboots,raggedstockings,torntrousersandskirts(=childrendressedinsuchapparel)wentskatingandskiddingaround.游乐场好像竞技场一样，人声鼎沸，……穿着旧冰鞋，破长统袜，烂裙子的孩子门去滑冰、垫木侧滑。8）以某机关、团体所在地的名称代替该机关、团体•Whitehalldoesnotseemtocareaboutthisproblematall.看来英国政府对这个问题一点也不关心。•TheWhiteHouseimmediatelydeniedthestory.白宫立即对这一报导予以否认。•LightsburnlateinFoggyBottom.雾谷的灯光亮至深夜。•DowningStreet（唐宁街）→theBritishgovernmentorcabinet•TheWhiteHouse（白宫）→thePresidentorExecutivebranchoftheUSgovernment•TheKremlin（克里姆林宫）→thegovernmentoftheSovietUnion•WallStreet（华尔街）→U.S.Financialcircles•CapitalHill（国会山）→thelegislativebranchoftheUSgovernment•Hollywood（好莱坞）→Americanfilm-makingindustry•ThePentagon（五角大楼）→theUSmilitaryestablishment•FleetStreet（舰队街）→theBritishpress•FoggyBottom（雾谷）→theUSStateDepartment•MadisonAvenue（麦迪逊大街）→Americanadvertisingindustry•Whitehall（白厅）→theBritishgovernment•Westminster（威斯敏斯特）→theBritishParliamentorgovernment9)以某物的产地代替某物•OKnight,thoulackestacupofcanary,whendidIseeyousoputdown?(Shakespeare:TwelfthNight)啊，骑士！你需一杯加那利酒，什么时候我看到你这么沉默？（注：加那利白葡萄酒原产于加那利群岛。）•Wouldyouhaveaglassofchampagne?你喝杯香槟酒好吗？（注：Champagne，法国东部一地区，所产葡萄酒很著名，通常称香槟酒。）10）以具体代替抽象•(1)以人体器官代替其功能。如：•Ihavehisear,ofcourse.当然他听我的话。（以具体的ear代抽象的thesenseofhearing.）•Thecolurispleasanttotheeye.这颜色很好看。（以具体eye的代抽象的thesenseofseeing.）•Ihadthemuscle,andtheymademoneyoutofit.我有力气，而他们就利用我的力气赚钱。（以具体的muscle代抽象的bodilystrength.•Doyouhavethenerve(=coolcourage)todoit?你敢做这件事吗？（2）某些表示人或事物的可数名词前加the，表示人的特性、事物的功能、属性等。如：•WhenIwaslisteningtohisfieryspeech,Ifeltthepatriot(=thepatrioticfeeling)risewithinmybreast.当我听到他的激昂的演讲时，我的爱国心油然而生。•Helivesbythepen(=writing).他以写作为生。•Heisathomeinthesaddle(=ridingonahorse).他的骑术很到家。有些具体名词放在act,play,make后面构成习语，表示抽象概念。如：•Don’tact/playthefool.(=Don’tact/behavefoolishly.)不要装疯卖傻。（以具体的fool代替抽象的foolishness.）•Wemakepigsofourselves(=eattoomuch)onhercakes.我们拼命地吃她的蛋糕。•Playtheman!(=Bebrave!)拿出男子汉气概来！11）以抽象代具体•Lifewasaweariness(=wearisomething)tome.生活使我感到厌倦。•Hehasdonemekindness(=kindacts).他为我做了很多好事。•HumboldtbroughtbackvaluablespecimenstoEuropeanscience(=scientist).洪堡德为欧洲科学界带回了有价值的标本。•Theproposalswereexpectedtobeunacceptabletocapital(=thecapitalists).不能希望资方接受这些建议。12）以感情的称谓代替感情所施加的对象•Sheiscoming,mylife,myfate.她来了，我的生命，我的命运。（此句中用表示说话人感情的抽象名词life,fate来代替说话人感情施加的对象she。）•Heistheadmirationofthewholeschool.他是全校所敬佩的人。（此句中用表示说话人感情的抽象名词admiration代替说话人感情施加的对象she。）•Thegirlisverysubtlestudypsychologically.那女孩是研究微妙心理的好对象。13）原因、结果相互指代•Deathfelli