Chapter 6 urban environment problems and managemen

ChapterSixAgeneralOverviewofChinaUrbanizationIn2004,therewerealtogether661citieswithtotalurbanlandareaaccountingforonly6percentoftotalnationallandareaand41.7percentofthetotalpopulationofChina.AgeneralOverviewofChinaUrbanizationUrbanizationwasacceleratedinthelastdecade.In2004,41.7%ofthepopulationliveincities,anincreaseof13.7percentagepointsinonly10years.Theycontributedto65.5percentnationalGDP;64percentaddedvalueofthesecondaryindustryand86percentaddedvalueoftertiaryindustry.ProblemsofUrbanization1.IncreasingAggravatedEnvironmentalPressureImposedbyExtensiveEconomicGrowthModeandContinuousPopulationGrowthGreaterpressureisbeingplacedonthealreadylimitedurbanresourcesandenvironmentduetoacceleratedurbanization,populationgrowthandrisinglivingstandardandconsumptionlevel.ProblemsofUrbanization2.CurrentUrbanEnvironmentandItsImprovementcannotSatisfyPublicExpectationsAccordingtothestatisticsof500citiesin2004,290citiesfailtomeetGradeIInationalairqualitystandard(qualityrequirementforurbanresidentialarea).119ofthemhaveairqualityinferiortoGradeIII.Waterqualityup-to-standardrateislessthan50percent.Thewaterqualityofdrinkingwatersourcesofsomecitiescannotmeetnationalstandard.Garbage,vehicleemission,noise,dustandsmokearethemajorsourcesofurbanpollution.Thoseproblemsdirectlyaffectthequalityoflivingenvironmentofurbanresidents.ProblemsofUrbanization3.UrbanEnvironmentalInfrastructurenotReadytoSupportSustainedUrbanDevelopmentOf500citiesunderquantitativeexaminations,theaveragetreatmentrateofurbansewageacrossChinaisonly32.33percent.withzerotreatmentin193cities.Theenvironmentalfriendlydisposalofurbangarbageis57.76percentontheaverage,160citieshavingnosuchdisposal.Thecentralizeddisposalrateofhazardouswastesis60.44percentontheaveragewith155citieshavingnosuchdisposalatall.PollutantsandtheirsourcesA、UrbanairpollutantsandtheirsourcesB、UrbanwaterpollutantsandtheirsourcesC、UrbansolidwastepollutantsandtheirsourcesD、NoisepollutantsandsourcesA、UrbanairpollutantsandtheirsourcesAirpollution:majorcauseoflungcancer;1.Dust:2.Smoke;3.Smog;4.Chemicalpollutants:A、UrbanairpollutantsandtheirsourcesSourcesofairpollution:1.Industry:dustandchemicalgasproducedbyburningcoalandoil;2.Agriculture:chemicalgasproducedbyburningfuel,andusingchemicalfertilizer&pesticides;3.Dailylife:burningcoalandoil,andcooking;4.Vehicleemission:burninggasandotherfuels;B、UrbanwaterpollutantsandtheirsourcesWaterpollution:majorcauseofdrinkingwatershortage;In2000，amongthe669cities，400wereshortofwater，ofwhich,110citiesweresufferingfromseriousshortage。SourcesofwaterpollutionIndustry:wastewatercontainingchemicalpollutants;Agriculture:Usingchemicalfertilizerandpesticides,mostlychemicalpollutants;Dailylife:washingandsewage.EffectsofwaterpollutioninacityCauseillnessandhealthproblems;Reduceagricultureandfishproductionaswellasproductquality;Limitthedevelopmentofindustries;Eco-environmentdeterioration;Sourcesofsolidwastes:1、Industrywastes;2、Citywastes;3、Agriculturalwastes;4、HarmfuldroppingsC、UrbansolidwastesEffectsofsolidwastesCausewaterpollutionwhenitrains;Changesoilqualitywhenmixed;Giveoffstinkingsmellwhenpiledup;Occupylandifnotprocessed.---------Solidwastescanbe:Burned:highcost,lessremaining;Buried:lowcost,moreremainingandlargelanduse;Recycled:Highcost,butreasonablereturn;Reused:lowcost,highreturn,butmoreremaining.D、NoisepollutionSourcesofNoise:•Trafficnoise•Factorynoise•Constructionnoise•SocialnoiseHarmsthatnoisecandoDamagehearing;Disturbsleeping;Causeillsymptoms(heartattack,highbloodpressure);Emotionaleffects(anger,upset);Disturbwildlife;Conclusion:WhatarethemajorenvironmentproblemsofurbanizationinChina?Listthefourmajorurbanenvironmentalpollutants,andexplaintheirsourcesandharmstothehumanbeingsandecosystem.