土木工程专业外语Civil Engineering Specialty English

土木工程专业外语CivilEngineeringSpecialtyEnglish军事建筑工程系建筑结构教研室曹保山[e-mail]llegeEnglish(科技英语与英语)大学英语科技英语听、说、读、写重点在阅读、翻译和写作。介绍听和说序言(preface)基础进阶科技文献的阅读和翻译日常应用CET4和CET6听、说、读、写词汇、语法、句型PartOneCharacteristicofspecialtyEnglish（科技英语的特点）大量使用名词化结构广泛使用被动语句非限定动词后置定语复合词与缩略词长句多种方法表达数字和否定行文清晰、客观、精练、严密文体简洁、准确、清晰信息量大、强调存在的事实内容目的手段一、大量使用名词化结构(Nominalization)Archimedesfirstdiscoveredtheprinciplethatwaterisdisplacedbysolidbodies.阿基米德最先发展固体排水的原理。Archimedesfirstdiscoveredtheprincipleofdisplacementofwaterbysolidbodies.Televisionisthetransmissionandreceptionofimagesofmovingobjectsbyradiowaves.电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。名词化结构thetransmissionandreceptionofimagesofmovingobjectsbyradiowaves强调客观事实。名词化结构，一方面简化了同位语从句，另一方强调displacement这一事实二、广泛使用被动语句(thepassive)WHAT?英国利兹大学JohnSwales的统计，科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态结构。比较下面两段短文：Wecanstoreelectricalenergyintwometalplatesseparatedbyaninsulatingmedium.Wecallsuchadeviceacapacitor,oracondenser,anditsabilitytostoreelectricalenergycapacitance.Itismeasuredinfarads.Electricalenergycanbestoredintwometalplatesseparatedbyaninsulatingmedium.Suchadeviceiscalledacapacitor,oracondenser,anditsabilitytostoreelectricalenergyistermedcapacitance.Itismeasuredinfarads.电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属板内。这样的装置称之为电容器。其储存电能的能力称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。WHY?强调与客观使用时要注意：主要的信息置于句首;尽量避免使用第一、二人称A)Adirectcurrentisacurrentwhichflowsalwaysinthedirection.B)Adirectcurrentisacurrentflowinginthesamedirection.三、非限定动词(thenonrestrictiveverb)在科技英语中，不常使用非限制定语从句，而使用非限定动词，即非谓语动词A)Inthecommunications,theproblemofelectronicsishowinformationisconveyedfromoneplacetoanother.B)Inthecommunications,theproblemofelectronicsishowtoconveyfromoneplacetoanother.使用分词短语代替定语从句或状语从句；使用分词独立结构代替状语从句或并列分句；使用不定式短语代替各种从句；介词十动名词短语代替定语从句或状语从句在科技文中，一般将how，wh-词引导的从句转换成how,wh-词引导的不定式短语。从而使句子结构更加简洁、紧凑四、后置定语(thepostposition)Theheatproducedisequaltotheelectricalenergywasted.产生的热能等于浪费了的热能。过去分词表被动在科技文中被广泛应用。尤其在一些并列结构的句子中。Theforcesduetofrictionarecalledfrictionalforces.由于摩擦而产生的力称之为摩擦力。介词短语dueto的使用避免了because从句的使用Inradiation,thermalenergyistransformedintoradiantenergy,similarinnaturetolight.热能在辐射时，转换成性质与光相似的辐射能。Theforceuptownequalstheforcedownwardsothattheballoonstaysatthelevel.向下的力与向上的力相等，所以气球就保持在这一高度。副词成对出现，大多表示相反的意思。介词短语形容词及形容词短语的使用副词分词Duringconstruction,problemsoftenarisewhichrequiredesignchanges.在施工过程中，常会出现需要改变设计的问题。五、复合词与缩略词（thecompoundandtheabbreviation）复合词从过去的双词组合发展到多词组合；缩略词趋向于任意构词full-enclosed全封闭的；work-harden加工硬化；crisscross交叉着；on-and-off-the-road路面越野两用的；anti-armored-fighting-vehicle-missile反装甲车导弹；radiophotography无线电传真；colorimeter色度计（无连字符复合词）复合词math(mathematics)数学（裁减式缩略词）lab(laboratory)实验室ft(foot/feet)英尺CAD(computeraideddesign)计算机辅助设计缩略词定语从句六、长句(thelongcomplexsentence)Toillustratewithreferencetothebeamjustdescribed,iftheshort-timepeakloadhadbeenappliedearlyinthelifeofthemember,beforetime-dependeddeformationsoccurred,thesustained-loaddeflectionofstep3shouldbecalculatedusingIebasedonthetotalload-momentdiagram(sustainedplusandpeakload)becausethecrackingwhichwouldresultfromthatloadwouldpermanentlyreducethestiffnessofthemember.sus难点与重点，在以后学习中要注意其分析方法长句：为了说明这一点，参照上述的梁，如果短期峰值荷载在随时间推移而发生的变形出现之前就作用在梁上，第三步的持续荷载作用下的变形就应根据总荷载弯矩图(持续荷载加峰值荷载)采用Ie来计算，这是因为在该荷载作用下产生的开列将会在整修构件使用期内使构件刚度减小。sus⑴Toillustrate是目的状语。⑵ifthe…为条件状语从句。⑶before…occurred是时间状语从句，修饰条件状语从句的谓语hadbeenapplied。⑷hesustained-load…shouldbecalculated为本句的主句⑸because…wouldpermanentlyreduce是固原状语从句，其中whichwouldresultfromthatload是cracking的定语从句。先主后次，判断逻辑各句间关系语法与常用句型七、多种方法表达数字和否定(thenumberandthenegation)数字：数量和倍数。Thefactoryturnsout100,000carseveryyear.Ayardisthreetimeslongerthanafoot.否定：TheobjectdidnotmovebecauseIpushedonit.常见而双比较复杂的问题，使用非常灵活为英语特点。专业英语的听与说(listeningandspeaking)一、常用数字的英语读法（Englishreadingfrequently-usednumerals）1/2onehalf,ahalf,oneovertwo1/3athird,onethird,oneoverthree2/3twothirds,twooverthree1/10atenth,onetenth,1/4aquarter,onequarter,onefourth,oneoverfour3/4threequarters,threefourthsPartTwoSpeakingofspecialtyEnglish（科技英语说）常用数字的读法常用数学符号的读法土木专业词汇的读法文章的读法Speaking234/679twohundredandthirtyfouroversixhundredandseventynine0.3zeropointthree,Opointthree,naughtpointthree,pointthree.0.03zeropointzerothree,OpointOthree,naughtpointnaughtthree,pointnaughtthree.0.67zeropointsixseven,Opointsixseven,naughtpointsixseven,pointsixseven,212twoandahalf533threeandthreefifths43137onehundredthirtysevenandthreeoverfour3.0zeropointthreerecurring,pointthreerecurring768.5fivepointeightsixseven,sixsevenrecurring2%twopercent2‰twopermille3/8%threeeighthspercent,threeeighthsofonepercent.2/3mtwothirdsofameter3/4kmthreequartersofakilometer7.8m/ssevenpointeightmeterspersecond15℃fifteendegreeCentigrade34℉thirtyfourdegreesFahrenheit10KNtenkiloNewton20mmtwentymillimeters二、常用数学符号的读法(Englishreadingforfrequently-usedmathematicalsymbols）+plus-minus×multipliedby,timesxxb÷dividedby±plusorminus＝isequalto,equals,is≡isidenticallyequalto,identicallyequals≈isapproximatelyequalto,approximatelyequalstheabsolutevalueofxxbar,themeanvalueofxbprimebdoubleprime,bsecondprime,btwoprimeb1bbsubscriptone,bsubone2bbsuperscripttwo,bsupertwoxxdotxxtwodots)(xffunctionfofxdxDeex,differe