_契约_与_合同_之辨_以清代契约文书为出发点

©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(430074),,;;;,,,:,,,,,,,4311998,5000,2001,(,2001):,,20003,13:,19922:,,1985,167187(,1993)1213©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.:,:,:,,,,:,,,,,,,:,,:,,:,,,,,,:,(1),;(2),,(),,,,:,,,,,,,;,,,,,,,,,,,531:,,1995,27©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.()1402,,998(4041402),,10(526535);42(823826846855878885887889903905907909);20(1317132713301338);3(138713981401),75,715%(),(932)586,23,319%,,24(698894151154196202282285296318472476483506519520525527528567568570932),23,(477480),,,,,,,,,,,,24,,,17,70%;,7,30%,:11,21,,,,,,,,63120036:,67767810171019104010421045:,19976,19976©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.():,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(),,(),,,731,,©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(),,;,,,,;,(13411342),,,,,,,,,,,:,,,(),,,,,,;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,()()(),,,,,,,,,,,;,,,,,,83120036©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(),;:,,,,,,,,,,,,()::(),,,,,1819,:,(Aninstrumentdividedintwo,ofwhicheachcontractingpartyretainsone):,;,()(Awrittenagreementorbond,whichinancienttimessucceedknottedcords;abond;adeed;tounite;tojoin),,,,19,agreement;contract:,,,,19,931(W.Lobscheid),((),1897),:contractpactagreementcharterdeedbondindentindenturetreaty()consensusengagementbargainstipulation(),381(DictionaryoftheChineseLanguage),byD.D.Morrison,Macao,China.PrintedatthehonorableBastIndiaCompanysPress,1819,282©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(Contractus),Kontrakt(Vertrag);Contrat(Pacte),,,,,,,,1900,1900,:1949,,,1949,50,1957,1950,,,1957,,,,,,,,,,;,,,,,,,,?,,;04120036(),304307308327(),,2003,200242294298:,(,2001)354520(:,(1909))925926©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(),,,,,,,,,(197210211),,196,,,()(),;210,,,,,197,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,:,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,;,,,,,,;,141:,,2001,436(,1996)675,,1991,667()196,211,,,,196,,20006©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.():,:()(),,,,,,?,,(),,,,,,,?,(1)?(2)?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?2412003619914©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(standardformcontract),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,341,20002:,,2001,3739:,,1997,118(,1995)120;,19996:,20022©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.!,,?,,,,,,,,,,,(standardterms),(unfaircontractterms),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,44120036:,5,,,:81139,:,,©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.:,,,,(,),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,394153,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,541S::19471992,19981,70:,,,2000,181:,,2002,320©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(),,,,,,,,,,,64120036(,1984)463200391113,,©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;,,,,,,,,,,741:,179,,,,,©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(1),,;(2),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(),,,,,,,;,,,:84120036:,,,1999,103137©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(10)AQuantitativeAnalysisofCrimesBaiJianjun123Punishmentshouldbesuitedtothecrime;incurrentChinesecriminallaw,however,theseriousnessofacrimeisindicatedsolelybyitsprescribedpenalty.Inotherwords,givennootherscale,theverdictbecomestheonlywaytoshowthegravenessofacrime.Wesetouttoascertainwhetheranyotherindependentscaleexistsbeyondthelawtodecidetheseriousnessofacrime;andifso,whatthiswouldmeanforscientificanalysisoftherelationofcrimetopunishment.Wefocusourdiscussionsondifficultiesinthequantitativeanalysisofcrimes,frameworksofevaluationandtheirsignificance.(11)Qiyueandhetong:FormsofContractinQingDynastyChinaYuJiang134ThereweretwoclassesofcontractsintraditionalChina:qiandhetong.Distinguishingdanqi(akindofqi)andhetongintheQingdynasty(16441911),Ishowthatcontractualrelationsofthaterawereviewedasconcreterelationsbetweenthetwoparties,forwantofawarenessaboutpersonalityandequality.Whiledanqireflectsanunequalrelationbetweenthetwoparties,hetongimpliesanapproximateequality.Inthisregard,hetongwereparalleltodanqibutonadifferentlevel.WiththeintroductionofContinentalLawafter1900,qiorqiyueandhetongbecameopposingcategoriesinChinaslegalsystem,sincelegalconceptsarerequiredtobelogicallyconsistentinthecodes,andsinceclassicalcontracttheoryrecognizesonlyanabstractcontractualrelation.Howe