北美五大湖区面源污染治理经验与启示

第30卷第11期西南大学学报(自然科学版)2008年11月Vol130No111JournalofSouthwestUniversity(NaturalScienceEdition)Nov12008:1673-9868(2008)11-0081-11*谢德体1,2,张文3,曹阳311,400716;21,400716;31,401147:北美五大湖区面积2144@105km2,蓄水量213@105km3,是世界上最大的淡水湖水域,约占世界总淡水资源的18%.湖区的污染源包括土壤径流农用化学物质城市废弃能物工业区排放物和废物处理地渗出液,同时也受到大气沉降(雨雪尘土)污染物的影响.面源污染造成生物栖息地改变生物多样性减少影响人体健康.政府对面源污染控制采取了一系列国家行动,扩大公民的参与意识,制定了包括EPA,NOAA,USDA,USGS计划和总统水质动议法.考察研究北美五大湖区面源污染与治理,为控制三峡库区面源污染提供了经验和启示,以利国家地区和部门尽快制定治理面源污染控制规划和行动计划.:北美;五大湖区;面源污染:X524:A,,1200km,,.,1/101/4..25%7%..,[1].,23000km3,244000km2.,,18%[1].,...(1%),.()[2-6].11960,..,[4-7].111,,.*:2008-05-06:(:2007BAD87B10).:(1957-),,,,,.,,.,.,,,,.112,,.;;.,.,..,,.,,,..,.,.,..,,./0(BOD),:;.,,BOD.BOD,,,,..,,,.,...1/3,.2020,.,,,,..,.2060,.,/0,..,,..,,.1972,56[4],,.,..56,.1983,.10,,,,.,.,,.,.,.,,82西南大学学报(自然科学版)投稿网址[8].DDT,.,,.,,.,,.PCBs,,PCBs,.../0.PCBs.,.,PCBs,PCBs.,.,,.,,.,6.PCBs.,.,.,.DDT,,,,.TCCD,(),,,..2211,.,..,20%.,.1971,PCBs,.PCBs,..,PCBs.,.PCBs,,PCBs...,,,.,.,,.83第11期谢德体,等:北美五大湖区面源污染治理经验与启示212[1].,.,,.,..;,,.,.213,.,.,,.,,.,,...214.,,,.,...,.,.,...,..,,,,.,,.215.,,..,,,.,.,,.,...21511栖息地和生物多样性保护,,150.,.,.,;.,.(),.,70%~80%,,42%,92%84西南大学学报(自然科学版)投稿网址卷.,.,,..,.,..,..,,,.,..,.,.,.21512控制外来物种,..,,,.,.,.,.,,.,.,....,,.21513建立地域观,,,..(IJC),..,.33112060,,,DDT[8-10].,.1972,56[4].2070,..,.,,.70,,.,,..,85第11期谢德体,等:北美五大湖区面源污染治理经验与启示(),DDT...,,.,,..,))),,,.,..312,.,.....(),,..3133300,,,,.8,,.,.,,.,,.,..,,.,.,.,,.,.,.,,.,.314,.,,.:,.,.,.,.,,.,.86西南大学学报(自然科学版)投稿网址卷,..,..,.,,,.,.4,1972,,.,1994/0,,.,[8,10-12].19965,(EPA),198712EPA19936.EPA.,,,.,.,.EPA19971014,Wye,/0.EPA.:,,2013.:.;,;;;.;;;;;./0(TMDL);;;;.;;;,;,;.5.411EPA()41111面源污染管理计划1987,...EPA.,.EPA.1990EPA,.EPA1990199140005000.1996417.1997,EPA319,40%.,,.41112国家口岸计划.EPA87第11期谢德体,等:北美五大湖区面源污染治理经验与启示.,17.41113近海岸水域计划.41114地下水保护计划,EPA..,EPA(SoleSourceAquiferProgram),.EPA1986,(Wel-lheadProtectionProgram),.EPA.,.,,.,EPA.,.,.EPA8000.41115杀虫剂计划EPA(FederalInsecticide,FungicideandRodenticideAct)..EPA,,,.41116湿地保护计划EPA,.EPA/(BMPs)0.41117水源评价和保护计划1996,.,.,1996,,,.,(SWAPPs).EPA199926.:(1);(2);(3).EPASWAPPs,SWAPPs.EPASWAPPs,,.412NOAA()1990(CoasalZoneActReauthorizationAmendments),,.CZARANOAAEPA29,NOAAEPA/0,.:(1),;(2),.,,,,,;(3),;(4);(5);(6);(7),.2004,2009.413USDA()41311乡村清洁水计划../0.(1),,,;(2)88西南大学学报(自然科学版)投稿网址卷,,;(3),,.41312国家灌溉水质计划1986-1993-26,.:26.,.41313农业水土保持计划,,..41314水土保护区计划,,,.,.4141989..,..,(WQIP)(Demos)(HUA).,.415USGS()41511国家水质评价1991,NAWQA:,..:;.NAWQA.,:NAWQA1994-1995(VOCs).41512井源保护计划.,.590~730.,.,..,.,,,.,,,,...1996(SWAPPs)EPA(CSGWPPs),.,.,.55112003135m,2009175m.,30m,.,,,,.60%,89第11期谢德体,等:北美五大湖区面源污染治理经验与启示,,,/0.,.,4135km2,5218%,1145t,26%,28t[13].,,,,.,3100,60%,0108hm2,,,/0,,.,,,.,600km2,,.,100km240.,,,56%,.,,.,.512,,,,,.,,,...,.,,,,,.:[1]UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyandGovernmentofCanada.TheGreatLakes:AnEnvironmentalAtlasandResourceBook(ThirdEdition)[M].Chicago,IIIinois,USA:GreatLakesNationalProgramOfficeUSEnviron-mentalProtectionAgency,1995:1-42.[2]UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.NationalWaterQualityInventory#1998ReporttoCongress[M].WashingtonDC,USA:OfficeofWaterWashingtonDC,June2000.[3]InternationalJointCommissionCanada&UnitedStates.BoundaryWatersTreaty[EB/OL].[4]InternationalJointCommissionCanada&UnitedStates.GreatLakesWaterQualityAgreement[EB/OL].[5]TheUSPolicyCommitteefortheGreatLakes.GreatLakesStrategy2002-APlanfortheNewMillennium:AStrategicPlanfortheGreatLakesEcosystem[EB/OL].[6]TheGreatLakesCommission.GreatLakesAgenciesandOrganizations[EB/OL].[7]UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.EPAWatertopics[EB/OL].西南大学学报(自然科学版)投稿网址卷[8].[J].,1998,4:7-9.[9].[J].瞭望,1998,(7):54-56.[10],,.[J].,2007,30(2):20-22.[11].()[N].,2001-09-10.[12].()[N].,2001-09-17.[13].[R].:,2004.Non-pointSourcePollutionControlintheGreatLakesRegionofNorthAmerica:ExperienceandEnlightenmentXIEDe-ti1,2,ZHANGWen3,CAOYang311SchoolofResourcesandEnvironment,SouthwestUniversity,Chongqing400716,China;21KeyLaboratoryofDigitalAgricultureofChongqing,Chongqing400716,China;31ChongqingScience&TechnologyCommission,Chongqing401147,ChinaAbstract:TheGreatLakesRegionofNorthAmerica,coveringanareaof2144@105km2andhavingawa-terstorageof213@105km3,whichconsistsofLakesSuperior,Michigan,Huron,ErieandOntario,isthelargestfreshwaterlakesontheearthandaccountsforabout18%ofitstotalfreshwaterresources.ThepollutionsourcesoftheLakesincludesoilrunoffs,agrochemicalmatters,urbanwastematerials,emis-sionsofindustrialdistrictsandtheexudatesfromsolidwastelandfill.Theyarealsoinfluencedbypollu-tantsofatmosphericsedimentation,suchassnow,rainfallanddust.Non-pointsource(NPS)pollutionisaseriousproblemworld-wideleadingtobiologicalhabitatchangesandbiodiversityreductionandaffectinghumanhealth.ForcontrollingNPSpollution,theU