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NewWords&Expressions:angle角cube立方体arc弧curvedline曲线majorarc优弧cylinder柱体minorarc劣弧diameter直径architect建筑师dimension维数,大小breadth宽度endpoint端点chord弦equidistant等距离的circumference周长linesegment直线段cone圆锥radius半径critical临界的pyramid棱锥2.2几何与三角GeometryandTrigonologyNewWords&Expressions:ray射线sphere球,球面semicircle半圆surface面,曲面solid立体的,立体thickness厚度Manyleadinginstitutionsofhigherlearninghaverecognizedthatpositivebenefitscanbegainedbyallwhostudythisbranchofmathematics.2-AWhystudygeometry?许多居于领导地位的学术机构承认,所有学习这个数学分支的人都将得到确实的受益。Thisisevidentfromthefactthattheyrequirestudyofgeometryasaprerequisitetomatriculationinthoseschools.许多学校把几何的学习作为入学考试的先决条件,从这一点上可以证明。Geometryisasciencethatdealswithformsmadebylines.Astudyofgeometryisanessentialpartofthetrainingofthesuccessfulengineer,scientist,architect,anddraftsman.几何是研究由线所组成的图形的科学。几何的学习是成功工程师,科学家,建筑师和制图员培训的重要部分。Thecarpenter,machinist,stonecutter,artist,anddesignerallapplythefactsofgeometryintheirtrades.Inthiscoursethestudentwilllearnagreatdealaboutgeometricfiguressuchaslines,angles,triangles,circles,anddesignsandpatternsofmanykinds.木匠,机械师,采石者,艺术家和设计师在他们的职业中都应用几何的知识。在这门课程中,学生会学到大量几何图形,例如直线,角,三角形,圆以及许多种设计和模式。Oneofthemostimportantobjectivesderivedfromastudyofgeometryismakingthestudentbemorecriticalinhislistening,readingandthinking.Instudyinggeometryheisledawayfromthepracticeofblindacceptanceofstatementsandideasandistaughttothinkclearlyandcriticallybeforeformingconclusions.学生通过几何的学习而达到的最主要目标是:在听,读,和思考时变得更加审慎。在学习几何的过程中,他们不再盲目地接受一些陈述和思想,而是在得出结论之前学会了清楚和审慎的思考。1.Solidsandplanes.Asolidisathree-dimensionalfigure.Commonexamplesofsolidsarecube,sphere,cylinder,coneandpyramid.2-BSomegeometricalterms立体是一个三维图形,立体常见的例子是立方体,球体,柱体,圆锥和棱锥。Acubehassixfaceswhicharesmoothandflat.Thesefacesarecalledplanesurfacesorsimplyplanes.Aplanesurfacehastwodimensions,lengthandwidth.Thesurfaceofablackboardorofatabletopisanexampleofaplanesurface.立方体有6个面,都是光滑的和平的,这些面被称为平面曲面或者简称为平面。平面曲面是二维的,有长度和宽度,黑板和桌子上面的面都是平面曲面的例子。2.Linesandlinesegments.Weareallfamiliarwithlines,butitisdifficulttodefinetheterm.Alinemayberepresentedbythemarkmadebymovingapencilorpenacrossapieceofpaper.我们都熟悉直线,但是很难定义直线。可能可以用移动一支铅笔或者钢笔横穿一张纸留下的痕迹来描述直线。Alinemaybeconsideredashavingonlyonedimension,length.Althoughwhenwedrawalinewegiveitbreadthandthickness,wethinkonlyofthelengthofthetracewhenconsideringtheline.直线可以被看做是一维的,即只有长度。尽管我们画一条直线的时候会赋予它宽度和厚度,但是当考虑直线的时候,只考虑痕迹的长度。Apointhasnolength,nowidth,andnothickness,butmarksaposition.Wearefamiliarwithsuchexpressionsaspencilpointandneedlepoint.Werepresentapointbyasmalldotandnameitbyacapitalletterprintedbesideit,as“pointA”inFig.2-2-1.点没有长度,宽度和厚度,但是标记了一个位置。我们熟悉铅笔尖,针尖这样的表达。我们可以用一个小圆点来表示一个点,在它旁边用打印体大写字母来命名,如图2-2-1中的点A。Thelineisnamedbylabelingtwopointsonitwithcapitallettersoronesmallletternearit.Thestraightlineextendsinfinitelyfarintwodirectionsandhasnoends.Thepartofthelinebetweentwopointsonthelineistermedalinesegment.直线用大写字母标记它上面的两个点或者旁边的一个小写字母来命名。直线向两个方向无限延伸,没有终点。直线上两点间的部分被称为直线段。Alinesegmentisnamedbythetwoendpoints.Whennoconfusionresult,theexpression“linesegmentAB”isoftenreplacedbysegmentABor,simply,lineAB.直线段用两个端点命名。当不引起混淆的时候,“直线段AB”通常被线段AB代替,或者简称直线AB。Therearethreekindsoflines:thestraightline,thebrokenline,andthecurvedline.Acurvedlineor,simply,curveisalinenopartofwhichisstraight.Abrokenlineiscomposedofjoined,straightlinesegments,asABCDEofFig.2-2-3.有三种线:直线,折线和曲线。曲线是指其中没有任何部分是直的。折线是由连起来的直线段构成,如图2-2-3中的ABCDE.3.Partsofacircle.Acircleisaclosedcurvelyinginoneplane,allpointsofwhichareequidistantfromafixedpointcalledthecenter.Alinesegmentdrawnfromthecenterofthecircletoapointonthecircleisaradiusofthecircle.平面上的闭曲线当其中每点到一个固定点的距离均相当时叫做圆。固定点称为圆心。连接圆心到圆周上点的直线段称为圆的半径。经过圆心并且两个端点在圆周上的直线段被称为圆的直径。直径等于两个半径。连接圆周上两点的任意直线段被称为弦。Adiameterofacircleisalinesegmentthroughthecenterofthecirclewithendpointsonthecircle.Adiameterisequaltotworadii.Achordisanylinesegmentjoiningtwopointsonthecircle.Fromthedefinitionitshouldbeapparentthatadiameterisachord.Anypartofacircleisanarc,suchthatarcAE,whichisdenotedby.从定义显然可见直径是弦。圆周的任何部分都是弧,例如…PointsAandEdividethecircleintominorarcAEandmajorarcABE.Adiameterdividesacircleintotwoarcstermedsemicircles,suchasand.Thecircumferenceisthelengthofacircle.点A和E把圆周分为劣弧AE和优弧ABE。直径把圆周分为两个半圆,例如…。圆周的长度即为周长。AEABBCAOneofthemostimportantapplicationsoftrigonometryisthesolutionoftriangles.Letusnowtakeupthesolutionsofrighttriangles.Atriangleiscomposedofsixparts,threesidesandthreeangles.Tosolveatriangleistofindthepartsnotgiven.2-CTrigonometricfunctionandsolutionofrighttriangles三角学的重要应用之一是解三角形。现在我们接下来讲三角形的解。一个三角形由6个部分组成,三条边和三个角。解一个三角形就是要求出未知的部分。Atrianglemaybesolvedifthreeparts(atleastoneoftheseisaside)aregiven.Arighttrianglehasoneangle,therightangle,alwaysgiven.Thusarighttrianglecanbesolvedwhentwosides,oronesideandanacuteangle,aregiven.如果三角形的三个部分(其中至少有一个为边)为已知,则此三角形就可以解出。直角三角形的一只角,即直角,总是已知的。因此,如果它的两边,或一边和一锐角为已知,则此直角三角形可解。作业:P312.汉译英(6),(8)3.英译汉(1)谢谢!
本文标题:数学专业英语(吴炯圻-第2版)2-2
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