债权分论 合同法部分

TranslationSkillsDefinedTermsLegalese“May”“Shall”精确、无歧义的措词英汉法律用语涉及到当事人的切身利益,必须明确地规定权利、义务、行为等，要避免模棱两可的措词，以免产生不同的理解，被人钻了法律空子。例如：自9月20日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。PartyAshallbeunauthorizedtoacceptanyordersortoacceptanyordersortocollectanyaccountafterSeptember20.PartyAshallbeunauthorizedtoacceptanyordersortoacceptanyordersortocollectanyaccountonandafterSeptember20.AnadvancePaymentequaltotwelve(12%)percentoftheSubcontractpricetobeexpressedinRMBshallbepaidbytheContractorafterthecomingintoforceofthisAgreement.正式古雅的用词为了显示其权威性，英汉法律用语经常沿袭一些专业术语，避免标新立异，避免用通俗语或俚语，有时甚至使用古语，以表示其“固守成规”。例如，一些英语惯用副词在英汉法律用语中频繁出现，成了该文体的标志之一，常用的有herein，hereafter，hereinafter，hereto，hereunder，thereon,whereby，wherein等词。其中，here指this，there指that，where指which。而在汉语英汉法律用语中，也经常使用文言虚词，使行文显得凝炼、端雅，常见的有：兹、本、上述、就此、为此等。中国A公司与日本B公司遵照《中华人民共和国中外合资经营法》及有关法律的规定，本着平等互利的原则,同意共同投资兴办合资经营企业，兹签订本合同。InaccordancewiththestipulationsofTheLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaonJointVenturesUsingChineseAndForeignInvestmentandotherrelatedlawsandrules,andonthebasisofequalityandmutualbenefit,AofthePeople'sRepublicofChina(PRC)andBofJapan,bothagreetoestablishaJointVentureEnterprisewithjointinvestmentandherebysignthiscontract.TheCommitteeonBudget,FinanceandAdministrationsshallreviewtheannualbudgetestimateandthefinancialstatementpresentedbytheDirector-GeneralandmakerecommendationsthereontotheGeneralCouncil.预算、财政和管理委员会应当对总干事提出的年度概算和财务报表进行审查，并就此向总理事会提出建议。Article19Ifanorganinchargeofinvestigatory,procuratorial,judicialorprisonadministrationwork,oritsfunctionaries,infringeupontherightsandinterestsofacitizen,alegalperson,orotherorganizations,intheexerciseofitsfunctionsandpowers,therebycausingdamagetothevictims,thatorganshallbetheorganliableforcompensation.Article31Ifapeople'scourt,inviolationofthelaw,adoptsinciviloradministrativeproceedingscompulsorymeasuresorpreservativemeasuresinimpairmentoftheproceedings,orwronglyexecutesajudgmentorarulingorothereffectivelegaldocuments,therebyresultingindamagebeingdone,thecriminalcompensationproceduresofthisLawshallbeapplicabletotheprocedureformakingclaimsforcompensationbytheclaimant.Article12TermsofContractThetermsofacontractshallbeprescribedbytheparties,andgenerallyincludethefollowing:(i)namesofthepartiesandthedomicilesthereof;(ii)subjectmatter;(iii)quantity;(iv)quality;(v)priceorremuneration;(vi)time,placeandmethodofperformance;(vii)liabilitiesforbreachofcontract;(viii)methodofdisputeresolution.Thepartiesmayenterintoacontractbyreferencingamodelcontractfortherelevantcontractcategory.Article26EffectivenessofAcceptanceAnoticeofacceptancebecomeseffectiveonceitreachestheofferor.Wheretheacceptancedoesnotrequirenotification,itbecomeseffectiveonceanactofacceptanceisperformedinaccordancewiththerelevantusageorasrequiredbytheoffer.Whereacontractisconcludedbytheexchangeofelectronicmessages,thetimeofarrivaloftheacceptanceshallbegovernedbyParagraph2ofArticle16hereof.•Where在法律英语中的特殊用法法律英语中,Where常引导状语成句,可译为“在…时”,“当…时候”,但它说明的是事物的状况,不同于表示时间的when。Wheretheinvoiceamountisinthecurrencyofneitherexportersnorimporterscountry,theissuingbankmustempowerabankinthecorrespondingcurrencyareatocreditortransfertheowedamountondemandtothecorrespondentbank.Wherethesumpayableisexpressedinwordsandalsoinfigures,andthereisadiscrepancybetweenthetwo,thesumdenotedbythewordsistheamountpayablegoodNeglectofdutyisgoodcauseforremovalofatrustee.TheVendorshallprocurethatthePurchaseracquiresgoodtitletotheSharesfreefromallcharges,liens,encum-branches,equitiesandclaimswhatsoever.Nowtherefore,inconsiderationofthepremises,andtherepresentations,warranties,covenants,andundertakingsofthepartieshereinaftersetforth,andforothergoodandvaluableconsideration,thepartiesagreeamongthemselvesasfollows.PartyAisacompanydulyorganized,validlyexistingandingoodstandingasalegalpersonunderthelawsofthePRC.IfanytermorprovisionofthisAgreementshallbecomeorbedeclaredillegal,invalidorunenforceableforanyreasonwhatsoever,suchtermorprovisionshallbeseveredfromthisAgreementshallbedeemedtobedeletedfromthisAgreement,providedthatifsuchdeletionmateriallyaffectsoraltersthebasisofthisAgreement,thepartiesshallnegotiateingoodfaithtoamendandmodifytheprovisionsandtermsofthisAgreementasmaybenecessaryordesirableinthecircumstances.•“goodtitle”是指titlethatislegallyvalidandeffective（“法律上有效的所有权”，亦可译成“无可争辩的所有权”）。•“goodcause”表示alegallysufficientreason（“法律上有充分理由”）。•“goodconsideration”系considerationthatisvalidunderthelaw（“法律上有效的约因或对价”）。•“ingoodstanding”表示是符合法律法规要求的，是有资格的。•“goodfaith”的意思是honesty,fairnessandlawfulnessofpurpose，相当于汉语里的“诚信”，译文加了“态度”，使之具体化，符合汉语的表达方式。Shall,May法律英语是一种非常正式的语体,法律在规范权利或义务时,常常有“应该”、“必须”、“可以”、“不得”等词,除了必需的主动词外,需要借助情态助动词来表达。用得较多的情态助动词有shall,may,must,will,oughtto等。shallshall是法律法规等立法用语中最基本、最广泛的情态助动词。在普通英语中,shall的用法是将来时态的一种构成形式,而且其主语一般是第一人称。而在法律英语中,在有shall句子中,主语通常都是第三人称。因此,在翻译shall或其所在句子时,不是将其翻译为表达将来时态的普通含义,而是依据不同情况,进行不同的文字处理。Anycostsandfeesreceivedbyalegalofficerhereundershallbepaidintothegeneralrevenue.律政人员根据本条例所收取的任何讼费及费用,须拨入政府一般收入内。Thelawfulcivilrightsandinterestsofcitizensandlegalpersonsshallbeprotectedbylaw;noorganizationorindividualmayinfringeuponth