段落写作

段落的模式一个完整的段落（特别是说明文和议论文的段落）通常由三部分组成：主题句、扩展句和结尾句。主题句扩展句1扩展句2扩展句3结尾句1.主题句(topicsentence)主题句表明作者的观点、态度，或交代作者的写作意图，或概括文章的内容，反映了一段文章的中心思想，是段落发展的依据。因此，主题句写得妥当与否是一段文章龍否写得成功的关键。1.1主题句的构成主题句通常由主题词组和观点词组两部分构成。(a)OlderpeopleintheUnitedStatesfaceanumberofproblems.主题词组观点词组(b)Trafficisoneoftheessentialactivitiesinoursociety.主题词组观点词组1.2如何写好主题句首先，主题句要写得清楚明了。如果主题句含糊其辞、语焉不详，就会使读者难以抓住段落的主旨，甚至产生误解。下面就是一个含糊其辞的主题句：Toplayanykindofmusicalinstrument,oneneedstoknowsomethingaboutit.修改为：Toplayanykindofdrumrequiresagoodsenseofrhythm.OrToplayatrumpet,oneneedstohaveskillfulbreathcontrol.其次，主题句要恰如其分地概括该段文章的内容。如果概括的面太宽，则不是一段话能够讲清楚的问题。下面三个主题句涉及的面就过于宽泛：a)IlikemyEnglishteacher.b)Thebusiestseasonissummer.c)Musicisenjoyable.为了把主题句限定到一个合适的范围，我们通常可以对自己提一个who,what,when,where,why或how这样的问题。•(a)OneofthereasonsIlikemyEnglishteacherisherattitudetowardme.(why)•(b)Thebusiestseasonforfarmersissummer.(forwhom)•(c)Musicarousesmanydifferentemotionsinlisteners.(how)•ThePolarRegions•Thenorthernandsouthernpolarregionsaredifferentinmanyways.（主题句）Themostimportantdifferenceconcernsthedistributionoflandandwater.ThenorthernArcticregionsareice-coveredsea,almostcompletelysurroundedbyland.Thepoleitselfisindeepwater.Inthesouth,Antarcticaisahugecontinentwhichissurroundedbyagreatocean.Becauseofthis,basicdifferencesoccur.TheArctichasavariedclimate,whiletheAntarcticclimatevarieslittle;theArctichasmuchplantlifebuttheAntarcticisanemptydesert.AndwhereastheArctichasbeenexploitedeconomicallyforcenturies,tradehasneverreallytouchedAntarctica.主题句大多位于段首。开门见山地点出问题，有利于作者自始至终紧扣主题，层次清楚地阐明问题，同时也便于读者迅速、有效地了解主旨，看清作者的意图。主题句位于段首，反映了人们从一般到特殊的思维过程(即演绎法)。1.3主题句的位置EffectiveWriting—AMustintheUniversityInpreparingscientificreportsoflaboratoryexperiments,astudentmustpresenthisfindingsinlogicalorderandclearlanguage,ifhewantstoreceiveafavorableevaluationofhiswork.Similarly,inordertowritesuccessfulanswerstoessayquestionsonhistoryoranthropologyexaminations,astudentmustarrangetherelevantfactsandopinionsaccordingtosomeacceptedpatternofparagraphstructure.AndcertainlywhenastudentwritesabookreportforEnglish,oracritiqueforpoliticsstudies,oratermpaperforsociology,styleandorganizationareoftenasimportantascontent.Clearly,theabilitytowritewell-organized,conciseparagraphsandessaysisessentialtoastudent'ssuccessinalmostalluniversitycourses.（主题句）主题句也可位于段尾。其特点是可以帮助读者总结全段的内容，从而给读者以深刻的印象。主题句位于段尾反映了人们从特殊到一般的思维过程（即归纳法）。主题句有时也可出现在一段文章的中间。这时，主题句前面的部分通常起着承接上段的作用，而主题句则用于引起下文。CaliforniansandNewEnglandersarebothAmerican.Theyspeakthesamelanguageandabidebythesamefederallaws.Buttheyareverydifferentintheirwaysoflife.(主题句)Mobility—bothphysicalandpsychological—hasmadeagreatimpressiononthecultureofCalifornians.LackofmobilityisthemarkofthecustomsandmoralityofNewEnglanders.然而，有一些段落没有主题句，其主旨一般在文章的具体内容中得到暗示。Mostpeoplethinkofastronomersaspeoplewhospendtheirtimeincoldobservationslookingatstarsthroughtelescopeeverynight.Infact,atypicalastronomerspendsmostofhistimeanalyzingdataandmayonlybeatthetelescopeafewweeksoftheyear.Someastronomersworkonpurelytheoreticalproblemsandneveruseatelescopeatall.•但是文章没有直接给出主题句，而是通过具体的信息暗示了这个意思。这种写作方法对作者和读者都提出了很高的要求。写得好，能够弓I发读者的思考和联想；写得不好，会给人以不知所云的感觉。因此,初学者不宜模仿。2.扩展句（supportingsentences)段落的中心思想通过主题句点明以后，接下来就是一系列的扩展句：扩展句对主题句起着举例、说明、阐述等作用。2.1清晰详实段落的中心思想是通过扩展句来体现的，所以扩展句必须写得清晰翔实，言之有物。同时，扩展句必须具有说服力，不可以只考虑篇幅、凑够字数了事.更不可以偏离主题，想到什么写什么。2.2条理清楚为了便于读者掌握作者的意图，扩展句必须有一定的条理.体现某种逻辑关系。先说哪句话，后说哪句话应有安排。也就是说，上句为下句铺平道路,下句是上句的自然延伸，一层一层地阐明问题，从而将作者的意图清楚地展现在读者面前。2.3句式变化扩展部分的句子应该是长短句结合，也就是简单句、并列句和主从句的穿插使用。简单句干净利落、表意明确，适合在表达观点时使用。并列句给人以娓娓道来之感，令文章自然流畅，多用于叙事和描写。主从句的逻辑严密，常用于说理和议论。对初学者而言，我们仍倡导以简单句为主，根据需要间或穿插一个并列句或者主从句。简单句、并列句和主从句的大体比例为3：1：1，这样会给读者以良好的节奏感，从而产生更好的效果。2.4句型变化•句型变化也是扩展句的要求之一。句型单一会使读者感到乏味，而适当的句型变化会激发读者的兴趣。•Studentshavemanywaystofinancetheireducation.Theycangetmoneyfromtheirparentsinmostcases.Theycanborrowmoneyfromtheirrelativesiftheyhavesomerichrelatives.Theycanalsoearnmoneybydoingpart-timejobs.•Studentshavemanywaystofinancetheireducation.Inmostcases,theycangetthemoneyfortheireducationfromtheirparents.Forthosewhohaverichrelatives,thestudentsmayborrowmoneyfromthem.Ofcourse,astudentcanalsofinancehisowneducationbydoingapart-timejob.3.结尾句•所谓结尾句，就是用一句话对一段文章的内容进行归纳总结。因为主题句是段落内容的依据，所以结尾句应该与主题相呼应，或者说是主题句的再现。此外，结尾句还有引发读者对文章内容进一步肯定和认识的作用，因此其语气比起主题句来必须更加中肯、切要。•[注]由于篇幅较短的段落无需归纳和总结，因此这样的段落就只有主题句而没有结尾句。此外，当主题句位于段尾的时候，它既是主题句也是结尾句。(1)Thetraditionalbeliefthatawoman'splaceisinthehomeandthatawomanoughtnottogoouttoworkcanhardlybereasonablymaintainedinpresentconditions.(2)Itissaidthatitisawoman'stasktocareforthechildren.(3)Butfamiliestodaytendtobesmallandwithayearortwobetweenchildren.(4)Thus,awoman'swholeperiodofchildbearingmayoccurwithinfiveyears.(5)Furthermore,withcompulsoryeducationfromtheageoffiveorsix,herroleaschiefeducatorofherchildrensoonceases.(6)Thus,evenifweagreethatawomanshouldstayathometolookafterherchildrenbeforetheyareofschoolage,formanywomen,thisperiodwouldextendonlyforabouttenyears.(7)Therefore,itisagrowingtrendforwomentofindjobsaftertheyhavefulfilledtheirduties.(1)Today,oldpeopleintheUnitedStatesgenerallyreceivebettercarethantheydidbefo