美国宪法修正案 AMENDMENT

23AMENDMENTSTOTHECONSTITUTIONOFTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA251InDillonv.Gloss,256U.S.368(1921),theSupremeCourtstatedthatitwouldtakejudi-cialnoticeofthedateonwhichaStateratifiedaproposedconstitutionalamendment.Accord-inglytheCourtconsultedtheStatejournalstodeterminethedatesonwhicheachhouseofthelegislatureofcertainStatesratifiedtheEighteenthAmendment.It,therefore,followsthatthedateonwhichthegovernorapprovedtheratification,orthedateonwhichthesecretaryofstateofagivenStatecertifiedtheratification,orthedateonwhichtheSecretaryofStateoftheUnitedStatesreceivedacopyofsaidcertificate,orthedateonwhichheproclaimedthattheamendmenthadbeenratifiedarenotcontrolling.Hence,theratificationdategiveninthefollowingnotesisthedateonwhichthelegislatureofagivenStateapprovedtheparticularamendment(signaturebythespeakerorpresidingofficersofbothhousesbeingconsideredapartoftheratificationofthe‘‘legislature’’).Whenthatdateisnotavailable,thedategivenisthatonwhichitwasapprovedbythegovernororcertifiedbythesecretaryofstateoftheparticularState.Ineachcasesuchfacthasbeennoted.Exceptasotherwiseindicatedinforma-tionastoratificationisbasedondatasuppliedbytheDepartmentofState.2Bracketsenclosinganamendmentnumberindicatethatthenumberwasnotspecificallyassignedintheresolutionproposingtheamendment.Itwillbeseen,accordingly,thatonlytheThirteenth,Fourteenth,Fifteenth,andSixteenthAmendmentswerethustechnicallyratifiedbynumber.ThefirsttenamendmentsalongwithtwoothersthatwerenotratifiedwereproposedbyCongressonSeptember25,1789,whentheypassedtheSenate,havingpreviouslypassedtheHouseonSeptember24(1AnnalsofCongress88,913).Theyappearofficiallyin1Stat.97.RatificationwascompletedonDecember15,1791,whentheeleventhState(Virginia)ap-provedtheseamendments,therebeingthen14StatesintheUnion.TheseveralstatelegislaturesratifiedthefirsttenamendmentstotheConstitutiononthefollowingdates:NewJersey,November20,1789;Maryland,December19,1789;NorthCaro-lina,December22,1789;SouthCarolina,January19,1790;NewHampshire,January25,1790;Delaware,January28,1790;NewYork,February27,1790;Pennsylvania,March10,1790;RhodeIsland,June7,1790;Vermont,November3,1791;Virginia,December15,1791.ThetwoamendmentsthatthenfailedofratificationprescribedtheratioofrepresentationtopopulationintheHouse,andspecifiedthatnolawvaryingthecompensationofmembersofCongressshouldbeeffectiveuntilafteraninterveningelectionofRepresentatives.ThefirstwasratifiedbytenStates(oneshortoftherequisitenumber)andthesecond,bysixStates;subsequently,thissecondproposalwastakenupbytheStatesintheperiod1980–1992andwasproclaimedasratifiedasofMay7,1992.Connecticut,Georgia,andMassachusettsratifiedthefirsttenamendmentsin1939.ARTICLESINADDITIONTO,ANDAMENDMENTOF,THECONSTITUTIONOFTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA,PROPOSEDBYCONGRESS,ANDRATI-FIEDBYTHESEVERALSTATES,PURSUANTTOTHEFIFTHARTICLEOFTHEORIGINALCONSTITUTION1AMENDMENT[I.]2Congressshallmakenolawrespectinganestablishmentofreligion,orprohibitingthefreeexercisethereof;orabridgingthefreedomofspeech,orofthepress;ortherightofthepeople26CONSTITUTIONOFTHEUNITEDSTATESpeaceablytoassemble,andtopetitiontheGovernmentforare-dressofgrievances.AMENDMENT[II.]AwellregulatedMilitia,beingnecessarytothesecurityofafreeState,therightofthepeopletokeepandbearArms,shallnotbeinfringed.AMENDMENT[III.]NoSoldiershall,intimeofpeacebequarteredinanyhouse,withouttheconsentoftheOwner,norintimeofwar,butinamannertobeprescribedbylaw.AMENDMENT[IV.]Therightofthepeopletobesecureintheirpersons,houses,papers,andeffects,againstunreasonablesearchesandseizures,shallnotbeviolated,andnoWarrantsshallissue,butuponprobablecause,supportedbyOathoraffirmation,andparticularlydescribingtheplacetobesearched,andtheper-sonsorthingstobeseized.AMENDMENT[V.]Nopersonshallbeheldtoanswerforacapital,orother-wiseinfamouscrime,unlessonapresentmentorindictmentofaGrandJury,exceptincasesarisinginthelandornavalforces,orintheMilitia,wheninactualserviceintimeofWarorpublicdanger;norshallanypersonbesubjectforthesameoffencetobetwiceputinjeopardyoflifeorlimb;norshallbecompelledinanycriminalcasetobeawitnessagainsthimself,norbedeprivedoflife,liberty,orproperty,withoutdueprocessoflaw;norshallprivatepropertybetakenforpublicuse,with-outjustcompensation.27CONSTITUTIONOFTHEUNITEDSTATESAMENDMENT[VI.]Inallcriminalprosecutions,theaccusedshallenjoytherighttoaspeedyandpublictrial,byanimpartialjuryoftheStateanddistrictwhereinthecrimeshallhavebeencommit-ted,whichdistrictshallhavebeenpreviouslyascertainedbylaw,andtobeinformedofthenatureandcauseoftheaccusa-tion;tobeconfrontedwiththewitnessesagainsthim;tohavecompulsoryprocessforobtainingwitnessesinhisfavor,andtohavetheAssistanceofCounselforhisdefence.AMENDMENT[VII.]InSuitsatcommonlaw,wherethevalueincontroversyshallexceedtwentydollars,therightoftrialbyjuryshallbepreserved,andnofacttriedbyajury,shallbeotherwisere-ex-aminedinanyCourtoftheUnitedStates,thanaccordingtotherulesofthecommonlaw.AMENDMENT[VIII.]Excessivebailshallnotberequired,norexcessivefinesim-posed,norcruelandunusualpunishmentsinflicted.AMENDMENT[IX.]TheenumerationintheConstitution,ofcertainrights,shal