英汉翻译一翻译概论

1)WhatisTranslation？•TrytotranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese,makesurethatyourversionsarelogicalandcolloquial.1)Thisistheofficialkindofstrike.2)Themachineisinrepair.1)这是由工会组织的罢工。/这次罢工是由工会组织的。2)机器修好了。inrepair=ingoodrepair;正在修理=underrepairing3)Don’tcoughmorethanyoucanhelp.4)IwishIcouldbringyoutoseemypoint.3)除非忍不住，尽量不要咳嗽。Ican’thelpit.我无能为力/我没有办法。4）我怎么跟你说不明白呢？•HowtoFat-proofYourChild?•--Whatkindofmoneydoesagirllikebest?•--Matrimony.•AblewasIereIsawElba.•--Whatflowerdoeseverybodyhave?•--Tulips.CanyoutranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese?Makesurethatyourreadersmayunderstandandappreciatewhatyouhavetranslated.如何让你的孩子防“胖”于未然？女孩最爱什么“财”？——郎才。女孩最爱什么钱？——礼钱。女孩最爱什么钱？——美元（缘）不到俄岛我不倒。落败孤岛孤败落。(tulips=twolips)什么样的花人人都有啊？——泪花。•英语动词translate源自拉丁词translatus，而translatus又是transferre的过去分词。在拉丁语里，transferre的意思是carry或transport，指的是背负物件将其转移到另一地方。词根trans本身含有时空变迁的意思，而ferre除了“负重”与“搬运”的意思外，还有endure与suffer的含义。•Etymologically,“translate”isderivedfromtheLatinwordtranslatus,“carriedover.”Translatusisthepastparticipleoftransferre.Ifdividedintotransandferre,wecanseetheproximityofthewordtodiaandpeherein.TheLatintermferremeans“tocarry”or“totransport”asincarryingashield,andwasoftenusedtomeantobearorconveywiththenotionofmotion（Homer）,asinshipsbornebytheforcesofwind.Ifalsomeanttoendure,tosuffer,asintobearamentalburden…(Gentzler,2001:166)•Itissometimessaidthatthereisnotaskmorecomplexthantranslation—aclaimthatcanbereadilybelievedwhenallthevariablesinvolvedaretakenintoaccount.Translatorsnotonlyneedtoknowtheirsourcelanguagewell;theymustalsohaveathoroughunderstandingofthefieldofknowledgecoveredbythesourcetext,andofanysocial,cultural,oremotionalconnotationsthatneedtobespecifiedinthetargetlanguageiftheintendedeffectistobeconveyed.Thesamespecialawarenessneedstobepresentforthetargetlanguage,sothatpointsofspecialphrasing,local(e.g.regional)expectations,andsoon,canallbetakenintoaccount.•Definitionsofpropertranslatingarealmostnumerousandvariedasthepersonswhohaveundertakentodiscussthesubject.Thisdiversityisinasensequiteunderstandable;fortherearevastdifferencesinthematerialstranslated,inthepurposeofthepublication,andintheneedsoftheprospectiveaudience.Moreover,livelanguagesareconstantlychangingandstylisticpreferencesundergocontinualmodification.Thusatranslationacceptableinoneperiodisoftenquiteunacceptableinalattertime.(E.A.Nida)SomeDefinitionsbyScholars•Translationmaybedefinedasfollows:thereplacementoftextualmaterialinonelanguage(SL)byequivalenttextualmaterialinanotherlanguage(TL).•(Catford:LinguisticTheoryofTranslation,1965)•Fromtheteleologicalpointofview,translationisaprocessofcommunication;theobjectiveoftranslatingistoimparttheknowledgeoftheoriginaltotheforeignreader.(Wills,1982:59)•Translationisnotsimplyamatterofseekingotherwordswithsimilarmeaning,butoffindingappropriatewaysofsayingthingsinanotherlanguage.Translatingisalwaysmeaning-based,i.e.itisthetransferofmeaninginsteadofformfromthesourcelanguagetothetargetlanguage.•翻译是以符号转换为手段、意义再生为任务的一项跨文化的交际活动。（许均，《翻译论》，2003：75）•翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。•Bytranslationherewespecificallymeantranslating,theprocessoftranslation,inwhichsomethingistranslated,insteadoftheworktranslated.•Translationisascience/anart.•Translationisacraft/askill.•Translationisalanguageactivity/communicating.Amongthemthefirsttwoaremostimportantfortheyrepresenttwoschools—theschoolofscienceandtheschoolofart.Theformermaintainsthattranslatingshouldreproducethemessageoftheoriginalbymeansofthetransformationoflinguisticequivalence.Itputsstressonthestudyofdescriptionoftheprocessoftranslation,andthestructuresandformsoflanguagesoastorevealtheobjectivelawsinherentintranslating.Thelatterschooladvocatesre-creatingaliteraryworkbyusingexpressionsofanotherlanguage.Itemphasizestheeffectoftranslation.•译者所从事的工作，是“一仆二主”的事情。•翻译是媒人。（歌德）•Translationsarelikewomen—whentheyarefaithfultheyarenotbeautiful;whentheyarebeautifultheyarenotfaithful.•翻译如临画，如伯乐相马。（傅雷）•Translationistodancewithfetters.•Translationisthetransmigrationofsouls.•Traduttortraditori.SomeMetaphorsofTranslation翻译的形式•RomanJacobsonbreaksthefielddownintothreeareas:intra-lingualtranslation,arewordingofsignsinonelanguagewithsignsfromthesamelanguage;inter-lingualtranslation,ortheinterpretationofsignsinonelanguagewithsignsfromanotherlanguage(translation“proper”);andinter-semiotictranslation,orthetransfer(“transmutation”)ofthesingsinonelanguagetonon-verbalsignsystems(fromlanguageintoartormusic).(Gentzler,2001:1)•按语种转换分：汉外翻译、外汉翻译；•按工作方式分：口译、笔译；•按翻译材料分：文学翻译、科技翻译、政论翻译、应用文翻译；•按处理方式分：全译、摘译、编译。•按翻译手段分：人工翻译、机器翻译；•按职业特点分：全职翻译、兼职翻译；•“无论是在中国还是在西方，翻译都是一项极其古老的活动。事实上，在整个人类历史上，语言的翻译几乎同语言本身一样古老。两个原始部落间的关系，从势不两立到相互友善，无不有赖于语言和思想的交流，有赖于相互理解，有赖于翻译。”（谭载喜,《西方翻译简史》，2004）•“有关口译活动的最早记载，见与公元前两千多年的上埃及埃利潘蒂尼岛的古王国王子的石墓碑文。”•到了公元前3世纪，有文字记录的翻译作品的问世标志着西方古代翻译的开始。最早的有一定规模的翻译活动从古罗马开始。大量希腊文学作品被翻译成拉丁语，因此西方的翻译理论一开始就具有文学翻译的特征。•“从广义上说，西方最早的译作是公元前三世纪前后，72名犹太学者在埃及亚历山大城翻译的《圣经·旧约》，即《七十子希腊文本》；从严格意义上说，西方的第一部译作是约在公元前三世纪中叶安德罗尼柯在罗马用拉丁语翻译的希腊荷马史诗《奥德赛》。”•周公居摄三年，越裳以三象胥重译而献白雉，曰：“道路悠远，山川阻深，音使不通，故重译而朝。”《册府元龟》•我国至少在公元前11世纪就已有了通过多重翻译而进行交流的史实。•五方之民，言语不通，嗜