实用英语写作4(修辞1)

FiguresofspeechWordsareeitherliteralorfigurativeLiteral原意Wordsusedintheiroriginalmeaningsareusedliterally.Figurative比喻义Wordsusedinextendedmeaningsforthepurposeofmakingcomparisonsorcallinguppicturesinthereader’sorlistener’smindareusedfiguratively.colourfulIn“acolourfulgarden”thewordcolourfulisusedinitsliteralsensetodescribethemanydifferentcoloursoftheflowersin“acolourfullife”or“acolourfulcareer”thewordisusedinitsfigurativesensebecauseneitherlifeorcareerhasanycolour.ThemostcommonfiguresofspeechSimile直喻Metaphor暗喻What’sthedifference?Literal“Heranquicklydownthestreet.”Simile“Heranlikeaharedownthestreet.”Metaphor“Hehared（如野兔般疾走奔跑）downthestreet.”simileSimileisafigureofspeechinwhichtwoquitedifferentthingsarecomparedastheyseemsimilarinaway.Thiskindofcomparisonisnormallyintroducedby“like”or“as”.Iamhungryasahorse.Yourunlikearabbit.Heissneakyasasnake.Sheishappyasaclam.ExampleofsimileThemysteriousobject...hasafacethat'sasroundasthemoonhashandslikegoldenarrowsisastallasatowerblockhasavoicelikeagong（锣）andisasfamousasanypopstar.BigBenExampleofsimileTimeflieslikeanarrowFruitflieslikeabanana（果蝇爱香蕉）metaphorAfigureofspeechwhichconsistsinsubstitutingforthenameofathingthenameofanattribute（属性）ofitorofsomethingcloselyrelated.Animpliedcomparisonbetweentwoobjectsthataregenerallydifferentbutsharearecognizablesimilaritywithouttheuseof“like”or“as”.Thegirlwasafishinthewater.Theclownwasafeatherfloatingaway.Plato“…thegreatestthingbyfaristobeamasterofmetaphor.Itistheonethingthatcannotbelearntfromothers,anditisalsoasignofgenius,sinceagoodmetaphorimpliesanintuitiveperception（直觉）ofthesimilarityindissimilars.”ExampleofmetaphorLifeisayo-yo（哟哟球）.It'saseriesofupsanddowns.MixedmetaphorsOnedangerinusingmetaphorsisthepossibilityofbeginningwithonecomparisonandendingwithanotherThisiscalledamixedmetaphor（混合隐喻；多重隐喻）Exampleofmixedmetaphors“Wemustsolvetherootproblem,orthelinewillbedrawninthesand,andwe’llbebackinthesoupagain.”RootcomparestheproblemtoaplantLinedrawninthesandmeansanuncrossableboundarySoupisafoodandmeansbeinginamessMixedmetaphorsShakespeareHamletproposes“totakearmsagainstaseaoftroubles”（是起而反抗这数不清的忧伤）TheTallGuy(1989film)“She‘slikeahungryleopard(豹)infullbloom.ExtendedmetaphorJFKennedy“Theenergy,thefaith,thedevotionwhichwebringtothisendeavour（努力，尝试）willlightourcountryandallwhoserveit,andtheglow（微弱稳定的光）fromthatfirecantrulylighttheworld.Theflowersdancedinthewind.TheEarthcoughedandchokedinallofthepollution.Thefriendlygateswelcomedus.Personification拟人Thisinvolvesturninganobject–eitherinanimate（无生命的）ornatural–intoahumanoranimalform,withhumanoranimalactionsandfeelings.ExampleofpersonificationMycarwhines（哀鸣；惨叫）inpainasitclimbsupsteep（陡峭的）hills.Thetablegroaned（呻吟）undertheweightofthefoodplacedonit.Metonymy借代Thesubstitutionofanounforanothercloselyassociatednoun.Thesubstitutednounderives（获得）itsmeaninginthecontextitisusedbytheassociationproducedinthereadersmind.ExampleofmetonymyIncontemporaryEnglishwhenwespeakofastatementfromthe“WhiteHouse”weunderstandthatthisisnotatalkingbuilding,butanofficialcommunicationwiththeauthorityofthePresidentoftheUnitedStateswholivesintheWhiteHouse.Thepenismightier（强而有力的）thanthesword.Hyperbole夸张Hyperboleisafigureofspeechwhichcontainsadeliberateexaggeration（故意夸大）–tocoin（创造（新词语））aphrase,thisiswhenwriters‘gooverthetop’withtheiruseoflanguage,suggestingthatsomethingisthestrongest,thebest,thegreatest,whichofcoursedistorts（使变形；扭曲；使失真）thetruth.ExampleofhyperboleI’msohungryIcouldeatahorseI'vetoldyouathousandtimes,stopexaggerating.I’venotseenyouforages.It’srainingdogsandcats.understatement含蓄陈述TheoppositeofhyperboleStatinganideainwordsthatarelessstrongthananticipated（预期的）.tomakesomethingappearsmallerorlessimportantthanitreallyis.ExampleofunderstatementItdoesseemtoberainingalittle.There’safewcarsouttoday,aren’tthere?euphemism委婉语WordsorphrasesthatsubstituteanagreeableorinoffensivetermforamoredirectonethatmightembarrassorsuggestsomethingunpleasantProfane(非宗教的;世俗的)wordsandexpressionsaregenerallytakenfromthreeareas:religion,toilets,andsex.religionGod–gosh/gollyJesus–jeezDevil–OldNickToiletsmen'sroom/women'sroomthelittleboy'sroom/thelittlegirl'sroomrestroomBathroomWashmyhandsthehead,(sailor'sterminology术语)latrine(commonmilitaryterm)sexSleepwithsomeoneShagBonkExchangingbodilyfluidsGettinglaiddeathPassedawayPassedonDepartedKickedthebucketBoughtthefarmPushingupdaisiesSleepingwiththefishes(掉水里淹死)ironyStatingonethingwhilemeaningtheexactopposite.orthepersoncouldbetryingtoberude,eventhoughthewordsusedareseeminglypoliteetc.ExampleofironyYourfriendturnsupinripped（撕裂的）jeans.Withasmirk（傻笑；假笑）,yousay,Iseeyouhaveputonyourbestclothes!sarcasmSarcasmisaformofironythatiswidelyusedinEnglishespeciallywhenpeoplearebeinghumorous.Generallythesarcasticspeakerorwritermeanstheexactoppositeofthewordtheyuse,oftenintendingtoberudeortolaughatthepersonthewordsareaddressed（针对）to.ExampleofsarcasmIlovebeingmarried.It’ssogreattofindthatonespecialpersonyouwanttoannoyfortherestofyourlifeI'dins