英语国家概况V. British Education

BritishEducationChapter6Introduction•ThepurposeofBritisheducationsystemisnotonlytoprovidechildrenwithliteracy(“3R’s”:reading,(w)rtingandand(a)rithmetic)andtheotherbasicskillstheywillneedtobecomeactivemembersofsocietybutalsotosocializechildren.HistoryofEducation•Historically,educationwasvoluntaryandmanyoftheschoolsweresetupbychurches.Theinfluenceofthechurchonschoolingisstrong:religiouseducationwastheonlysubjectwhichthestateinsistedallschoolsteachtheirpupils(othersubjectswereleftuptoschoolstodecideupon).Dailyprayersandsinginghymns(圣歌)isaregularpartofschoollife.HistoryofEducation•Before1870,only4o%ofchildrenunder10wenttoschoolregularly.Themainreceiversofamoreadvancededucationwerethesonsofthewealthy.•In1870,alawwaspassedtocallforgovernment–fundededucation,involvinggovernmentintakingresponsibilitiesfortheeducationofchildren.HistoryofEducationBy1880,attendanceatschoolforchildrenbetween5and10wascompulsoryratherthanvoluntary.AndbytheendofWWItheschoolleavingagewasraisedto14todissuade(劝阻)childrenfromleavingschoolinordertoworktosupporttheirfamilies.•HistoryofEducation•In1944,EducationActmadeChildrenadmittedtoschoolsnotbecauseoftheirsocialclassortheirparents’possession,butfortheabilitiestheydisplay.Themainconcernwastomakesuremorechildrenhadaccesstoagoodeducation.HistoryofEducation•Throughanexamcalled“the11-plus”,thegovernmenttriedtoraisedthequalityofeducation1.GrammarSchools-----wherethemostacademicallycapablepupilsweresenttobepreparedforuniversity.2.VocationalSchools-----wherelesssuccessfulpupilsweresenttolearntrades.HistoryofEducation•Inthe1960s,comprehensiveschools（综合学校）wereintroducedalloverthecountry,whichendedthedivisionbetweengrammarschoolsandvocationalschools.Entranceexamswereabolishedandschoolswerenolongerallowedtoletchildrencompeteforplaces.HistoryofEducation•In1976,theLaborPartystarted“theGreatEducationDebate”------nationalstandardsandstylesofteaching.•In1989,theConservativePartyledbyMargaretThatcherintroducedaNationalCurriculum(全国教学大纲)andunified(使统一)subjects.HistoryofEducation•Nowallchildrenthroughoutthecountrymuststudythefollowingsubjects:•English,mathematics,science,religiouseducation,history,geography,technology,music,art,physicaleducation,andamodernforeignlanguage.•Theymustalsopassnationaltestsandschoolsarerankedaccordingtothesuccessoftheirpupilsinreachingnationaltargets.HistoryofEducation•TheNationalCurriculumhasreintroducedcompetitionsbetweenschools.Goodschoolsattractgoodpupilsandthereforeattractmorefunding,whichmeanstheycanhirebetterteachers,buymorebooksandequipmentandthereforeproduceevenbetterstudents.EducationandSocialClass•Britainisasocietyinwhichsocialclassisstillveryimportant.Ifyouunderstandtheimportanceoftherelationshipbetweeneducationandsocialclass,youcanunderstandagreatdealaboutBritishcultureandsociety.•InBritain,whereyouareeducatedisstillveryimportanttoyourfuture.EducationandSocialClass•InBritain,theaccentyouspeakwith,theclothesyouwear,andtheschoolsyouattendareallmarkersthatidentifyyoursocialclass.Theschooltieisaclearmarkerofsocialclass.Evenoninformaloccasionsyouwillsometimesseemenwearingtheirschooltiesasbeltstoholduptheirtrousers---proudlydisplayingtheirattendanceatacertainschool.EducationandSocialClass•“Theoldboysnetwork”referstotheelite（社会精英）groupsofmenwhowenttopublicschools(私立学校)likeEtonandWinchester;andprestigiousuniversitieslikeOxfordandCambridge(Oxbridge—whichisstillthebestwaytoguaranteeasuccessfulcareer).Theydominategovernment,andareinfluentialinbanking,themedia,theartsandeducation.EtonCollege•northofWindsorCastle•distinguishedformerpupils–eighteenformerBritishPrimeMinisters–membersofBritishandoverseasroyalfamilies•themostfamouspublicschoolintheworld•aboutathirdofitsgraduatesgotoOxfordorCambridge•famousforitshighqualityeducationanduniquetradition,uniform,languageandgames•qualificationsforadmission:money&talent–over￡20,000peryear–strictadmissionrequirementsOxbridge•Universities:OxfordandCambridge–oldestandmostrespecteduniversities–foundedinthe13thcenturyOxbridge:OxfordandCambridge(牛桥)•withimplicationsofsuperiorintellectualorsocialstatus•anelitethatcontinuestodominateBritain'spoliticalandculturalestablishment“(occupiesahighproportionofthetoplevelofmanyaspectsofBritishsociety---9%0fthe22seniorgovernmentministers)SchoolmottoDominusilluminatiomea(Latin)TheLordismylight(English)OxfordCrest(饰章)Oxford1664-1668theatretheoldestmuseuminBritainCambridgeShield（盾形纹章）Presenteducationalsystem•Britisheducationsystemisrunbythestate.Primaryandsecondaryeducationiscompulsory.Childrenbetween5--16yearsoldareobligedtoattendschool.1)3-5:nurseryschoolsordaycarefacilities(paid)Presenteducationalsystem2)5-12:primaryschools(free)–expensivepublicschools/independentschools:EtonorHarrow(privateschools)–lessexpensivepublicschools–freestateschools3)12-16:secondaryschools(free)–grammarschools–comprehensiveschoolsPresenteducationalsystem4)16-18:tertiaryschools–Whoplantoentertheuniversity–Whochoosesomekindofvocationaltraining–Forms•Advanceddegrees:eveningclasses•Associatedegree:2years•Collegedegree:3years•Degrees–Bachelo