全国职称英语等级考试试题(卫生类)

精品文档2016全新精品资料-全新公文范文-全程指导写作–独家原创1/16全国职称英语等级考试试题（卫生类）第一部分阅读理解(75分)Passage1Untilthetwentiethcenturycigaretteswerenotanimportantthreat(威胁)topublichealth.Menusedtobaccomainlyintheformofcigars(雪茄烟),chewingtobacco,pipetobacco(烟草),andsnuff(鼻烟).Mostwomendidnotusetobaccoatall.Thecigaretteindustrybeganinthe1870swiththedevelopmentofthecigarettemanufacturingmachines.Thismadeitpossibletoproducegreatnumbersofcigarettesveryquickly,anditreducedtheprice.Todaycigarettessmokingisawidespreadhabit.Aboutforty-threepercentoftheadultmenandthirty-onepercentoftheadultwomenintheUnitedStatessmokecigarettesregularly.Itisencouragingtonote,however,thatmillionsofpeoplehavegivenupthesmokinghabit.Seventy-fivepercentofthemalepopulationandforty-sixpercentofthethesemenandelevenpercentofthewomenhavestoppedsmoking.Thenumberofpersonswhohavegivenupsmokingisincreasing.精品文档2016全新精品资料-全新公文范文-全程指导写作–独家原创2/16Menasagroupsmokemorethanwomen.Amongbothmenandwomentheagegroupwiththehighestproportion(比例)ofsmokersistheagegroup24-44.Income,education,andoccupationallplayapartindeterminingaperson'ssmokinghabits.Citypeoplesmokemorethanpeoplelivingonfarms.Well-educatedmenwithhighincomesarelesslikelytosmokecigarettesthanmenwithfeweryearsofschoolingandlowerincomes.Ontheotherhandifawell-educatedmanwithahighincomesmokesasall,heislikelytosmokemorepacksofcigarettesperday.Thesituationissomewhatdifferentforwomen.Thereareslightlymoresmokersamongwomenwithhigherfamilyincomesandhighereducationthanamongthelowerincomeandlowereducationalgroups.Thesemorehighlyeducatedwomentendtosmokemoreheavily.Amongteenagers(少年)thepicturesissimilar.Therearefewerteenagersmokersfromupper-income,well-educatedfamiliesandfewerfromfamilieslivinginfarmareas.Highschoolstudentswhoarepreparingforcollegearelesslikelytosmokethanthosewhodonotplantocontinuetheireducationafterhighschool.精品文档2016全新精品资料-全新公文范文-全程指导写作–独家原创3/16Childrenaremostlikelytostartsmoking,ifoneorbothoftheirparentssmoke.1.Menusetobaccomainlyin________formsinthepast.○A.one○B.two○C.three○D.four2.Thecigaretteindustrybegan________.○A.onehundredyearsago○B.attheturnofthecentury○C.intheeighteenseventies○D.intheeighteencentury3.IntheUnitedStates_______smokecigarettes.○A.aboutforty-threepercentofpeople○B.aboutthirty-onepercentofpeople○C.onlyoldpeople○D.aboutforty-threepercentofthegrown-upmenandthirty-onepercentofthegrown-upwomen4.Aman'ssmokinghabitispartlydeterminedby精品文档2016全新精品资料-全新公文范文-全程指导写作–独家原创4/16________.○A.hisincome○B.hiseducation○C.hisoccupation○D.alloftheabove5.Children_________tostartsmoking,iftheirparentssmoke.○A.aremostlikely○B.arelesslikely○C.hate○D.donotwantPassage2Manyofusbelievethataperson'smindbecomeslessactiveashegrowsolder.Butthisisnottrue,accordingtoDr.Jarvik,professorofpsychiatry(精神病学)attheUniversityofCalifornia.Shehasstudiedthementalfunctioningofagingpersonsforseveralyears.Forexample,oneofherstudiesconcerns136pairsofidenticaltwins(孪生儿),whowerefirstexaminedwhentheywerealready60yearsold.AsDr.精品文档2016全新精品资料-全新公文范文-全程指导写作–独家原创5/16Jarvikcontinuedthestudyofthetwinsintotheir70sand80s,theirmindsdidnotgenerallydeclineaswasexpected.However,therewassomedeclineintheirpsycho-motorspeed.Thismeansthatittookthemlongertoaccomplishmentaltasksthanitusedto.Butwhenspeedwasnotafactor,theylostverylittleintellectualabilityovertheyears.Ingeneral,Dr.Jarvik'sstudieshaveshownthatthereisnodeclineinknowledgeorreasoningability.Thisistruenotonlywiththoseintheir30sand40s,butwiththoseintheir60sand70saswell.Itistrueolderpeoplethemselvesoftencomplainthattheirmemoryisnotasgoodasitoncewas.However,muchofwhatwecalllossofmemoryisnotthatatall.Therewasusuallyincompletelearninginthefirstplace.Forexample,theolderpersonperhapshadtroublehearing,orpoorvision,orinattention,orwastryingtolearnthenewthingattoofastapace.Inthecaseswheretheolderperson'smindreallyseemstobecomelessactive,itisnotnecessarilyasignofbecominglessactiveduetooldage.Oftenitissimplyasignofadepressedemotional(压抑的感情)state.精品文档2016全新精品资料-全新公文范文-全程指导写作–独家原创6/166.AccordingtoDr.Jarvik'sstudies,middle-agedandolderpersonswouldexpectto__________.○A.rememberless○B.reasonbetter○C.learnfewernewthings○D.losenointellectualability7.Mentaldecayduetoagingis_________.○A.common○B.muchmorecommonthanmostpeoplebelieve○C.muchlesscommonthanmostpeoplebelieve○D.trueofthoseoversixty8.Along-termstudyof136pairsoftwinsshowedthat_________.○A.theylostalittleabilitytoreasonovertheyears○B.theyonlyfactorwhichdeclineovertheyearswastheirspeedwithwhichtoperformmentaltasks○C.theirmemorywasnotasgoodasithadoncebeen○D.theirmindsbecameabitmoreactiveastheygrewolder精品文档2016全新精品资料-全新公文范文-全程指导写作–独家原创7/169.Accordingtothepassage,allthefollowingareinstancesofincompletelearningexcept_________.○A.poorhearing○B.badeyesight○C.lackofattention○D.theattempttolearntoomanynewthings10.Whatwecallmentaldecayisusuallyasignof_________.○A.alow-spiritedstate○B.aworseningstateofhealth○C.oldage○D.nervoustensionPassage3Forhundredsofyears,diseasescausedbylackinnutrition(营养)wereknowntomen.Somecommonnutritionaldiseasesareberiberi(脚气),andscurvy(坏血病).Inthe18thcentury,JamesLind,aSc