2.Dickens

CharlesDickens(CharlesJohnHuffhamDickens)1812-1870theforemostEnglishnovelistthegreatestcriticalrealistwriteroftheVictorianeraoneoftheEnglishlanguage’sgreatestwriters------------------------------------------------------------------------------------foremostadj.最著名的；最重要的；最好的I.Life&LiteraryCareerII.DickensPointsofViewIII.Dickens’sNovelsIV.FeaturesofDickens’WorksI.Life&LiteraryCareerThefamily:largemovingfromplacetoplace:PlymouthLondonChathamformerhomeofCharlesDickensI.CriticalRealism1.Definition2.HistoricalBackground3.FeaturesofCriticalRealisticWritingsThefather:aclerkattheNavalPayOfficehardworkhardtoearnenoughmoneyIn1823arrestedfordebtCharleshadtostartworkinginafactory,labellingbottlesfor6shillingsaweek.Theeconomyeventuallyimproved.Charleswentbacktoschool.↙BirthplaceofDickens:Portsmouthstartedtoworkinasolicitor’sofficeafterleavingschoollearnedshorthandworkingasareporterforthe“MorningChronicle”incourtsoflawandtheHouseofCommons(英国下院).Firstsuccess:ThePickwickPapers,1836Next:OliverTwist,1837NicholasNickleby,1838-39BarnabyRudge,1841AwoodenhousealongsidetheThamesinwhichCharlesDickenswrotesomeofhisnovelstraveltoAmericaarousethehostilityoftheAmericanpressbysupportingtheabolitionmovementDuringthe1840s:hisfameandrespectkeepincreasinghissocialcriticismbecamemoreradicalhiscomedymoresavageLastnovel:TheMysteryofEdwinDroodnevercompletedlaterpublishedposthumouslyHesufferedanotherstrokeon8June1870atGad'sHill,afterafullday'sworkonEdwinDrood.HediedathishomeinGad'sHillPlacenextday.HewishedtobeburiedinRochesterCathedralHewaslaidtorestinthePoets'CornerofWestminsterAbbey.Theinscriptiononhistombreads:CHARLESDICKENSBorn7thFebruary1812Died9thJune1870Achild,dressedinappropriateattire,attheDickensianFestivalinUlverston,Cumbria.II.DickensPointsofViewseriouslyexposesandcriticizesallthepoverty,injustice,hypocrisyandcorruptnesssetsoutafullmapandalarge-scalecriticismofthe19th-cent.EnglandButasabourgeoiswriter,hecaninnowaysupplyanyfundamentalsolutiontothesocialplights.Thebesthecandoseemsinhisearlynovels:totrytoretainanoptimismwithwishfulthinkinginhislaternovels:toexpressahelplessindignantprotestAcombinationofoptimismaboutpeopleandrealismaboutthesocietyispresentfromtheverybeginning.III.Dickens’sNovelsi.Threeperiodsii.MajorWorksi.Threeperiods1.The1stPeriod:youthfuloptimist2.The2ndPeriod:excitement&irritation3.The3rdPeriod:steadilyintensifyingpessimism1.The1stPeriodThePickwickPapers,1836,《匹克威克外传》(picaresque)OliverTwist,1837,《雾都孤儿》TheOldCuriosityShop,《老古玩店》Dickensbelievedthatalltheevilsofthecapitalistworldwouldberemediedifonlymentreatedeachotherwithkindliness,justice,andsympatheticunderstanding.Thisnaïveoptimismisthecharacteristicofthepetty-bourgeoishumanitarians(人道主义者)ofhistime.2.The2ndPeriodAmericanNotes,(1842),《旅美札记》AChristmasCarol,(1843),《圣诞欢歌》TheChimes,《钟声》TheCricketontheHearth,《炉边蟋蟀》DombeyandSon,(1846-1848),《董贝父子》DavidCopperfield,(1849-1850),《大卫·科波菲尔》3.The3rdPeriod“Dark”NovelsLaterworks“DarkNovels”BleakHouse,(1852-1853),《荒凉山庄》HardTimes,(1854),《艰难时世》LittleDorrit,(1855-1857),《小杜利特尔》BleakHouseinBroadstairs,Kent,whereDickenswrotesomeofhisnovels.ThehousewasformanyyearsaDickensmuseumLaterWorksAtaleofTwoCities《双城记》,1859GreatExpectations《远大前程/孤星血泪/孤星奇缘》,1860-1861OurMutualFriend《我们共同的朋友》,1864-1865TheMysteryofEdwinDrood,(1870)ii.MajorWorks1.OliverTwist2.DavidCopperfield3.ATaleofTwoCities4.GreatExpectations1.OliverTwistanearlyexampleofthesocialnovelthefirstnovelintheEnglishlanguagetocentrethroughoutonachildprotagonistfamousforitsvividdescriptionsoftheworkhouseandlifeoftheunderworldinthe19th-centuryLondonPlotOliverisanorphanworkinginaworkhouse.Hecan’tstandthehungryandinordertolive,hebecomesathiefandleadsanunderworldlife.Attheendofthenovel,withthehelpofkind-heartedmen,helearnsthatheisn’tanorphanbutisborninadecentfamily.SignificanceofOliverTwist(1)Thenovelisthetruthfulpresentationofthemiseriesofthepoorandtheoppressed.(2)Itblamesthesocialsystemandinstitutionsforsuchmiseries.InDickens’sdepiction,labors,theyeitherbecomeoppressorsorcriminals.DavidCopperfield2.DavidCopperfieldCharlesDickens’sautobiographicalnovelfulloriginaltitle:ThePersonalHistoryandExperienceofDavidCopperfieldtheYoungertheauthor’sfavoriteremainedafavoriteforgenerationsofreadersTypeofWorkanovelwritteninfirst-personpointofview.Itissometimesreferredtoasanapprenticeshipnovel.apprenticeshipnovel学徒小说Definition:anovelthatcentersontheperiodinwhichayoungpersongrowsup–thatis,serveshisapprenticeship.alsobeidentifiedbyitsGermanname,bildungsroman,meaningnovel(roman)ofeducationaldevelopment(bildungs).pioneeredbyJohannWolfgangvonGoethe(1749-1832)inhisnovelWilhelmMeister'sApprenticeship.Inthenovel,DavidCopperfieldhastoleaveschooltoworkinawarehousewashingandlabelingbottlesusedinthewinetrade.David’sinitials(D.C.)are,ofcourse,thereverseofDickens’s(C.D.).3.ATaleofTwoCitiesahistoricalnovelamoralnovelthemostprintedoriginalEnglishbook(200millioncopiessold)amongthemostfamousworksoffictionThetwocities:Lond