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N.GREGORYMANKIWPremiumPowerPoint®SlidesbyRonCronovich2008update©2008South-Western,apartofCengageLearning,allrightsreserved7ECONOMICSPRINCIPLESOFFOURTHEDITIONConsumers,Producers,andtheEfficiencyofMarkets1CHAPTER7CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,EFFICIENCYOFMARKETS什么是消费者剩余？它与需求曲线有什么联系？什么是生产者剩余？它与供给曲线有什么联系？市场能使资源配置达到合意的配置吗？或者市场结果还有改善的余地？2CHAPTER7CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,EFFICIENCYOFMARKETS福利经济学复习，资源配置涉及下述问题：•每种物品生产多少？•谁生产它？•谁消费它？福利经济学（Welfareeconomics）研究资源配置如何影响经济福利首先，让我们来看消费者的福利。3CHAPTER7CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,EFFICIENCYOFMARKETS支付意愿WillingnesstoPay(WTP)一个买者的支付意愿是他愿意为这种物品支付的最高量。WTP衡量买者对物品的评价。nameWTP1#买者$2502#买者1753#买者3004#买者125Example:4buyers’WTPforaniPod4CHAPTER7CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,EFFICIENCYOFMARKETS支付意愿与需求曲线Q:如果iPod的价格是$200，谁将买它，需求数量是多少？A:1#买者&3#买者willbuyaniPod,2#买者&4#买者willnot.Hence,Qd=2whenP=$200.nameWTP1#买者$2502#买者1753#买者3004#买者1255CHAPTER7CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,EFFICIENCYOFMARKETSWTPandtheDemandCurve引申出需求表44#,2#,1#,3#0–12532#,1#,3#126–17521#,3#176–25013#251–3000nobody$301&upQdwhobuysP(priceofiPod)nameWTP1#$2502#1753#3004#1256CHAPTER7CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,EFFICIENCYOFMARKETS$0$50$100$150$200$250$300$35001234WTPandtheDemandCurvePQd$301&up0251–3001176–2502126–17530–1254PQ7CHAPTER7CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,EFFICIENCYOFMARKETS$0$50$100$150$200$250$300$35001234关于台阶形状…需求曲线看起来就像台阶，有四个台阶，每个台阶代表一个买者。PQ如果买者有无数多，就是完全竞争市场。台阶就会变成无穷个，看起来更像一条光滑的曲线。8CHAPTER7CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,EFFICIENCYOFMARKETS$0$50$100$150$200$250$300$35001234WTPandtheDemandCurve在任何产量点Q上，需求曲线的高度都是边际买者的支付意愿，如果价格再高一点，买者将会离开市场。PQ3#’sWTP1#’sWTP2#’sWTP4#’sWTP9CHAPTER7CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,EFFICIENCYOFMARKETS消费者剩余(Consumersurplus)：买者愿意支付的量减去买者实际支付的量。CS=WTP–PnameWTP1#买者$2502#买者1753#买者3004#买者125SupposeP=$260.3#sCS=$300–260=$40.其他人没有CS，因为他们不会再这个价格下购买。TotalCS=$40.ConsumerSurplus(CS)10CHAPTER7CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,EFFICIENCYOFMARKETS$0$50$100$150$200$250$300$35001234CSandtheDemandCurvePQ3#’sWTPP=$2603#’sCS=$300–260=$40TotalCS=$4011CHAPTER7CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,EFFICIENCYOFMARKETS$0$50$100$150$200$250$300$35001234CSandtheDemandCurvePQ3#’sWTP1#’sWTP假如P=$2203#’sCS=$300–220=$801#’sCS=$250–220=$30TotalCS=$11012CHAPTER7CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,EFFICIENCYOFMARKETS$0$50$100$150$200$250$300$35001234CSandtheDemandCurvePQ当产量从0到Q时，消费者剩余的总量就是需求曲线以下和价格线以上所包围的面积13CHAPTER7CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,EFFICIENCYOFMARKETS0102030405060051015202530PQ$大量买者的剩余与光滑的需求曲线ThedemandforshoesD1000sofpairsofshoesPriceperpair在Q=5的产量上，边际买者的支付意愿是$50，假设P=$30，则CS=$20.14CHAPTER7CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,EFFICIENCYOFMARKETS0102030405060051015202530PQCSwithLotsofBuyers&aSmoothDCurve鞋子的需求DCS就是产量从0到Q,需求曲线和价格线所包围的面积。Recall:areaofatriangleequals½xbasexheightHeight=$60–30=$30.So,CS=½x15x$30=$225.h$15CHAPTER7CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,EFFICIENCYOFMARKETS0102030405060051015202530PQ更高的价格如何减少消费者剩余DIfPrisesto$40,CS=½x10x$20=$100.有两个原因使得消费者剩余减少.1.由于一些买者离开市场。2.由于仍然留在市场的买者支付了更高的价格。ACTIVELEARNING1:Consumersurplus16051015202530354045500510152025P$QdemandcurveA.找出当Q=10时买者的支付意愿WTP..B.找出当P=$30时的消费者剩余CS。假设P价降到$20，消费者剩余由于下列原因增加了多少…C.买者进入市场。D.留在市场的买者支付更低的价格。ACTIVELEARNING1:Answers17051015202530354045500510152025P$QdemandcurveA.AtQ=10,marginalbuyer’sWTPis$30.B.CS=½x10x$10=$50Pfallsto$20.C.新买者增加的CS=½x10x$10=$50D.原来的买者增加的CS=10x$10=$10018CHAPTER7CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,EFFICIENCYOFMARKETSnamecost1#卖者$102#卖者203#卖者35只有价格高于他的成本，卖者才会生产和销售这种物品。因此，成本衡量了卖者的出售意愿。成本是每个卖者为生产一种东西而必须放弃的价值（机会成本）。包括卖者生产一种物品所使用的资源的成本，也包括卖者对时间的评价。例如：有三个提供除草服务的卖者的成本。成本与供给曲线19CHAPTER7CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,EFFICIENCYOFMARKETSCostandtheSupplyCurve335&up220–34110–190$0–9QsP从成本数据得出供给表namecost1#卖者$102#卖者203#卖者3520CHAPTER7CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,EFFICIENCYOFMARKETSCostandtheSupplyCurve$0$10$20$30$400123PQPQs$0–9010–19120–34235&up321CHAPTER7CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,EFFICIENCYOFMARKETS$0$10$20$30$400123CostandtheSupplyCurvePQ在任何产量点Q上，供给曲线的高度都是边际卖者的成本，如果价格再低一点，会离开市场。3#’scost2#’scost1#’scost22CHAPTER7CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,EFFICIENCYOFMARKETS$0$10$20$30$400123PQ生产者剩余（PS）:卖者出售一种物品得到的量减去其生产成本。PS=P–cost生产者剩余ProducerSurplus23CHAPTER7CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,EFFICIENCYOFMARKETS$0$10$20$30$400123ProducerSurplusandtheSCurvePQPS=P–costSupposeP=$25.1#’sPS=$152#’sPS=$53#’sPS=$0TotalPS=$203#’scost2#’scost1#’scostTotalPSequalstheareaabovethesupplycurveundertheprice,from0toQ.24CHAPTER7CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,EFFICIENCYOFMARKETS0102030405060051015202530PQ大量卖者的剩余与光滑的供给曲线ThesupplyofshoesS1000sofpairsofshoesPriceperpair假设P=$40.AtQ=15,边际卖者的成本是$30,他的生产者剩余是$10.25CHAPTER7CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,EFFICIENCYOFMARKETS0102030405060051015202530PQPSwithLotsofSellers&aSmoothSCurveThesupplyofshoesSPS是产量从0到Q时，价格线以下供给曲线以上所包围的面积。三角形的高度是$40–15=$25.所以,PS=½xbxh=½x25x$25=$312.50h26CHAPTER7CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,EFFICIENCYOFMARKETS0102030405060051015202530PQ更低的价格如何减少生产者剩余IfPfallsto$30,PS=½x15x$15=$112.50TworeasonsforthefallinPS.S1.FallinPSduetosellersleavingmarket2.FallinPSduetoremainingsellersgettinglowerPACTIVELEARNING2:生产者剩余27051015202530354045500510152025PQsupplycurveA.当Q=10时，找出生产者的边际成本。B.当P=$20.时，找出生产者总剩余.假设P上升到$30，找出由于下列情况使生产者剩余的增加量。C.销售量增加了5单位selling5价格在原来的基础上上升了10各单位。ACTIVELEARNING2:Answers28051015202530354045500510152025PQsupplycurveA.AtQ=10,边际成本=$20B.PS=½x10x$20=$100Prisesto$30.C.新生产