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(3)3.3.2各种体系[H+]浓度的计算强酸(碱)溶液一元弱酸(碱)溶液多元弱酸(碱)溶液两性物质混合酸碱溶液浓度为amol/L的HCl溶液PBEa][OH][Haa][Hmol/L101-6时,)(]OH[][Hmol/L102-8时,)(aaKaaw][H]OH[][Hmol/L101036--8时,)(整理得0][H][H2wKa若允许误差不5%,有:用同样的思路可处理强碱体系。1.强酸(强碱)溶液浓度为camol/L的HA溶液PBE]A[][OH][H][H][H]HA[][HwaKKwaKK]HA[][HaaaCKC][H][H]HA[HA其中精确式简化忽略水的离解,20)1(waaKCK])[H(]HA[][HaaaCKK近似式对总浓度的影响忽略酸的离解,500/)2(aaKCaaCC[A]]HA[waaKCK][H近似式,20)3(waaKCK,500/aaKCaaCK][H)p(p21pHaaCK最简式2.一元弱酸(弱碱)溶液例题例2求0.1mol/L一氯乙酸溶液的pH。已知Ka=1.410-3。,50071/aaKC,20waaKCK])[H(]HA[][HaaaCKK解0][H][H2aaaCKK例3求1.010-4mol/LHCN溶液的pH。已知Ka=6.210-10。解,500/aaKC,20waaKCKwaaKCK][H0.011mol/L,pH=1.96例1求0.10mol/LHAc溶液的pH。已知pKa=4.76解,20waaKCK,500/aaKC88.2)00.176.42/1)p(p21pH(aaCK例题浓度为Camol/L的H2A溶液PBE][A2HA][][OH][H221221][H]AH[2][H]AH[][H][HaaawKKKK][H]AH[2]AH[][H21221aaawKKKK其中aCAH22]AH[精确式)(][H21]AH[][H221aawKKK3.多元弱酸(弱碱)溶液简化忽略水的离解,20)2(1waaKCK忽略酸的二级离解。,05.02][H2)1(122aaaaCKKK]AH[][H21awKK近似式*以下可按一元酸处理]AH[][H21aK近似式,500/)3(1aaKC,05.0212aaaCKK,201waaKCKaaCK1][H)p(p21pH1aaCK最简式)(][H21]AH[][H221aawKKK精确式3.多元弱酸(弱碱)溶液(2)二元酸可否作为一元酸处理,主要决定pK。对溶液pH的计算,一般误差可允许5%,只要酸的浓度不是太小,对pK1.5的二元酸,可作一元酸处理。例:计算0.10mol/LNa2CO3溶液的pH。已知:Ka1=4.210-7,Ka2=5.610-11。解824111421104.2108.1106.5100.1bawbKKKK,,5.12110/bbKK,500/1bbKC,201wbbKCK)mol/L(102.4108.110.0][OH341bbCKpOH=2.37,pH=11.630.00.20.40.60.81.00.05.010.0pH分布系数二元酸简化计算的条件讨论两性物质:在溶液中既可以接受质子显碱的性质,又可以提供质子显酸的性质的物质。分类酸式盐弱酸弱碱盐氨基酸HCO3-,HS-,HPO42-,H2PO4-NH4AcNH2CH2COOH氨基乙酸4.两性物质酸式盐HB-BHBBH222abKK氨基酸:COOCHNHCOOCHNHCOOHCHNH22232322baKK简化:(1)无机酸,一般pK较大,[HB]CHB,忽略水的酸离解)和满足条件(,201)2(HB2waKCKHB1HB21][HCKCKKaaa)和(1,20)3(1HBaKC))和()、(满足(321)4(21][HaaKK)p(p21pH21aaKK最简式0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.00.02.04.06.08.010.012.014.0pH分布系数][HB][HB][H121aawaKKKK)(精确式酸式盐HB-][B][OHB]H[][H2][H]HB[][H]HB[][H][H21awaKKKPBE:其中:HBHB]HB[cHBHB21][HCCKKKawa)(近似式例:0.10mol/LNaHCO3,pKa1=6.38,pKa2=10.25。32.8)25.1038.621)p(p21pH21(aaKK解:4.两性物质(4)弱酸弱碱盐弱酸弱碱盐:以NH4Ac为例进行讨论。PBE][NH][OHHAc][][H3)pp21][H4NHHAcaaKK(例题:求0.10mol/LNH4Ac溶液的pH。00.7)76.424.92/1)pp21][H4NHHAc((aaKK弱酸弱碱盐:以NH4Ac为例进行讨论。PBE:][NH][OHHAc][][H3]HAc[])[NH(][HHAc4NHHAc4aawaKKKKHAcHAcNHNHHAc44][HCKCKKaaa4NHHAc][HaaKK比较HB-作为碱Ka1作为酸Ka2对应NH4Ac作为碱Ka(HAc)作为酸Ka(NH4+)对应)pp21][H4NHHAcaaKK(例题:求0.10mol/LNH4Ac溶液的pH。解00.7)76.424.92/1)pp21][H4NHHAc((aaKK4.两性物质(5)例:求0.010mol/L氨基乙酸溶液的pH。pKa1=2.35,pKa2=9.78。解:)mol/L(102.7101010][H700.235.200.278.935.2121CKCKKaaapH=6.14氨基酸等电点]A[A][H212]HA[][H]AH[aK][H]HA[]A[2-aK][H]HA[]HA[][H21aaKK21][HaaKK氨基乙酸的等电点06.6)78.935.22/1)p(p21pH21(aaKKCOOCHNHCOOCHNHCOOHCHNH22232322baKK0.00.20.40.60.81.00.05.010.0pH分布分数)p(p21pH21aaKK]A[A][H2混合酸两种强酸弱酸与强酸两种弱酸(1)两种强酸(2)弱酸与弱酸混合:例如Ca1mol/LHA+Ca2mol/LHB2211]B[]A[][HaaaacKcK5.混合酸(碱)推导过程PBE:]B[]A[][OH][H][H][H][H]HB[][H]HA[]B[]A[][H221121aaaaaacKcKKK(3)强酸与弱酸混合:例如amol/LHCl+Camol/LHAcPBEa]Ac[][OH][HaKKcaaaa][H]Ac[][H例求0.10mol/LH2SO4溶液的[H+]。解244442SOHHSOHSOHSOH2aK10.0][H010.0010.010.0][H][HaKKaaamol/L11.0][H5.混合酸(碱)(2)
本文标题:87分析化学
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