《法规及常用标准目录》

ProjectManagement&ContractLaw项目管理和合同法Trainer:HerbbrookInterpret:RichardguoOutline（大纲）•LegalSystemLayers•法定体系层•SourcesofLaw•法的来源•Contracts•合同LegalsystemlayersSanctionsSampleConductCodeofEthicsNoformalpenaltyFailuretoreportmoonlightingProfessionalMisconductDisciplinaryactionMoonlightingforcompetitorTortLawCompensationtoothersSlanderContractLawCompensationtoclientBreachofcontractCriminalLawPunishment(Jail)BreachofcriminalcodeAsconductworsenstheseverityofthesanctionsincrease法律体系层面随着行为的进一步恶化处罚的严肃性也增加。处罚办法行为案例道德规范代码无正式处罚不报告moonlighting职业人员的明知故犯训诫式的起诉为竞争对手提供暗地服务民事法对他人的补偿诽谤合同法对客户的补偿违约合同刑法处罚(进监狱)违反犯罪codeSourcesofLaw•TheUSLegalSystem–BasedonEnglishcommonlawexceptinStateofLouisiana–Consistsoftwoparts•Legislative•Thecommonlaw法的来源•美国的法律体系–除美国的路易斯安那州外都基于英国的普通法。–由两部分组成•立法机构•普通法Legislativelaw•Determinedbylegislatures(USCongressandStateLegislatures)•Consistsof–Statutes•ProfessionalEngineeringLicensingLaws(States)•OccupationalHealthandSafetyAct(US)–Regulations•CreatedbyorganizationsliketheSocietyofProfessionalEngineers.立法机构的立法•由立法机构决定(美国国会和州立法机构)•组成部分有：–条例•职业工程师执照法(州)•职业的健康和安全法案(国家)–法规•由诸如职业工程师协会组织创建.CommonLaw•Judge-MadeLaw•BasedonthetheoryofPrecedentContractDisputeLegalRulingPrecedentPrecedent-alegalprincipleestablishedinpreviouscourtdecisionswhichinvolvedsimilaroranalogousfactsituations.普通法•衡平法•基于先例的理论合同纠纷法律规则先例先例-一种建立在前一个类似案例的法庭宣判结果的法律原理。PrecedentExample-FundamentalBreach•Maybeappliedtorenderexemptionclausesincontractsineffective.•CaseHistory–HarbuttPlaasticinev.WayneTank&Pump(1970).Factoryburneddownduetofaultymaterial.$2,300limitiedliabilityincontractwaswaivedand$170,000paid.–Precedent-intheeventoffundamentalbreach(abreachofsuchnatureastogototheveryrootofthecontract)anexmptionclauseinacontractwouldnotaffordprotectiontothepartythatcommittedthebreach先例案例-根本性的违约•可能应用于解释无效合同中的免除条款.•案例历史–HarbuttPlaasticinev.WayneTank&Pump(1970).由于不合格材料导致工厂被烧毁。合同中$2,300的有限责任被放弃，赔偿了$170,000。–先例－-根本上违反合同中的免除条款（该违反涉及到合同中的根本性问题）不能对违反条款方提供保护。TheTheoryofDeepPockets•ThepurposeofContractLawistocompensatewrongedpartiesfortheirdamages(notforpunishment)•Therefore,legalactionwilltendtobemadeagainstthosewiththegreatestcapacitytopay.深口袋理论•合同法的目的在于为受害方的损失提供赔偿（不是为了惩罚）•因此，法律行为通常针对最有支付能力的一方。ContractLaw•Definition–relationshipbetween2ormorepeopledefiningrightsandobligations•5EssentialElementsofEnforceability–OfferandAcceptance–MutualIntent–Aconsiderationwaspaid(Ifnot,thenthecontractisan“agreement”.–Capacity(18yrsofage,soundmind,capable)–LawfulPurpose合同法•定义–在两方或多方之间定义权利和义务的一种关系•具备法律效力的五个关键因素–提供和接受–双方自愿–已支付报酬(如果没有支付，该合同仅仅是一个协议）。–法律承担能力(18岁以上，精神正常，有能力)–合法的目的Bilateralvs.UnilateralContracts•Everycontractinvolvesatleasttwoparties:anofferorandanofferee.Theofferorpromisestodoornottodosomething.Whetheracontractisunilateralorbilateraldependsonwhattheoffereemustdotoaccept.•Abilateralcontractisapromiseforapromise;iftheoffereeneedonlypromisetoperform,thecontractisbilateral.•Aunilateralcontractisapromiseforanact;iftheoffereecanacceptonlybycompleteperformance,thecontractisunilateral.Aunilateralcontract'sofferbecomesirrevocableoncesubstantialperformancehasbeencompleted.双边与单边合同•每一个合同至少涉及到两个合同方:提供方和接受方。提供方承诺做或者不做某个（些）事情。采用单边合同还是双边合同取决于接受方为了接受必须做什么•双边合同是对一个承诺的承诺；如果接受方只需要承诺履行，合同则为双边合同。•单边合同是对一个行为的承诺；如果接受方只有通过完全履行才能接受，合同则为单边合同。在单边合同中，一旦关键部分已经履行，提供则不能召回。Expressedvs.ImpliedContracts•Anexpresscontractisoneinwhichthetermsareexpressedinwords,oralorwritten,Acontractthatisimpliedfromtheconductofthepartiesisaniniplied-in-factcontract,orsimplyanimpliedcontract.Theparties'conductrevealsthattheyintendedtoformacontractandcreatesanddefinesitsterms.•Toestablishanimplied-in-factcontract:(1)theplaintiffmusthavefurnishedsomeserviceorproperty;(2)theplaintiffmusthaveexpectedtobepaidandthedefendantkneworshouldhaveknownthatpaymentwasexpected;and(3)thedefendanthadachancetorejecttheserviceorpropertyanddidnot.明确的与隐含的合同•一个明确的合同中，条款以语言的形式（口头或书面）明确表述，隐含于合同方的履行准则之外的合同是一种隐含于事实的合同，或简称为隐含合同。合同方履行准则不但表明合同各方有意达成合同，而且创建并定义合同条款。•建立一个隐含于事实的合同：(1)原告必须已经完成一些服务或产品；(2)原告必须已经期望得到支付，被告已经知道或应该已经知道原告期望得到支付；(3)被告已经有机会拒绝服务或产品但是没有拒绝。Formalvs.InformalContracts•Formalcontractsrequireaspecialformormethodofformationtobeenforceable.Formalcontractsincludecontractsunderseal,whicharewritingswithaspecialsea]attached.•Allothercontractsareinformalcontracts,orsimplecontracts.Forthese,nospecialformisrequired(exceptforcertaintypes;ofcontractsthatmustbeinwriting).正式与非正式合同•正式合同需要一种特殊的合同形式或形成合同的方法以使合同生效。正式合同包括有印章的合同，即付有特殊印章的书面文字。•所有其他合同都是非正式合同或简单合同。对于这些合同，不需要特殊的合同形式(除了一些必须以书面形式存在的合同）。Executedvs.ExecutoryContracts•Contractsarealsoclassifiedaccordingtotheirstageofperformance.Acontractthathasbeenperformedisanexecutedcontract.Acontractthathasriotbeenperformedisanexecutorycontract.•Ifonepartyhasfullyperformedbuttheotherhasnot,thecontractissaidtobeexecutedontheonesideandexecutoryontheother,anditisclassifiedasexecutory.已执行与待执行合同•合同也可以按照它们履行的阶段来分类。已经执行的合同称为已执行合同。还未执行的合同称为待执行合同。•如果合同一方已经履行而另一方还未履行，可以说该合同一方已经执行另一方还未执行，该合同归类为待执行.VALID,VOID,VOIDABLE,ANDUNENFORCEABLECONTRACTS•Avalidcontractresultswhenalloftheelementsnecessarytocontractformationexist-whenthpa